Names of operating systems for computer list. What are the operating systems? Types of operating systems

OS - Operating system - a set of programs, without which any computer is just a set of metal and plastic spare parts. The most common OS is a Windows to which most other programs and applications are created. The OS itself and all related programs can be found in this section and you can download them for free, without registration and any confirmation.

In any operating system there is already a set of necessary functions that allow various works and install additional software to choose an individual user. The presence of the OS facilitates further work with all devices and embedded programs as a simple user and developing new programs.

Such different OS.

Currently there are several operating systems:

• - This is a whole series of OS, regularly updated and developed by Microsoft Corporation experts. SAMI early version was presented in 1985 and this moment This is the most common and popular operating system for a personal computer.
• MacOS - OT apple companies - It was originally created for other products of this company, it spread with them, developed in parallel with Windows. Currently, it can be installed on computers of other manufacturers.
• Linux - distributed by various companies completely free, this OS is still quite an exotic choice for a personal computer. This operating system has several variations, some of which applies for a fee. Now the systems of this version put mostly specialists in the computer sphere or enthusiasts.
• Android - this operating system is perhaps the most common among various mobile devices: from smartphones and electronic books before smart watches And google glasses.

Operating system emulators

Emulation. Separately, it is worth highlighting emulators that are designed to mimic one operating system in the operating environment of the other. For example, if you need to install an application that works on the computer android system. By installing the emulator, you can "fool" such a program and work with it on Windows or any other. The most common android device emulators are and.

Basic and Additional OS functions

The main functions of any operational system - this is loading programs, execute their requests, access to external and internal devices I / O data, random access memory, access and management various discs (Hard and optical) and the organization of the file system. Any OS has a number of additional features:

1. distribution of system resources between multiple processes,
2. multitasking - the execution of several processes at the same time,
3. file exchange and synchronization,
4. protection of the OS, personal data and user files and other applications,
5. demanding the rights of several users on one computer.

I think that any of the readers of this article no longer considers synonyms of the word "operating system" and "Windows", because Knows at least one more or more other systems. For many it will be an android, still known for a significant circle Windows Phone And iOS, slightly fewer people heard about OS X, FreeBSD and Ubuntu. All these operating systems are developed by Western (mainly American) organizations. At first glance, there is nowhere to throw his gaze to the Russian person ... no. We have our own masters.

We are already used to that information Technology For Russia, there are not the subject of creativity, but the subject of passive learning. Yes, we know world-class antivirus from Kaspersky or at the moment the best FineReader text recognizer is also from russian company. Someone will remember Dr.Web. But in the general context, it is, if not a drop, then a small puddle into the sea that makes up our computer horizon. This illusion is erroneous, because Not all active participants of the IT community are evaluated, but only those who actively promote themselves through advertising or sales managers. And who turns out to be overboard our horizons? Yes Tens of thousands of domestic developers of different levels Professionalism and different areas of solved tasks.

It is not a secret for anyone that the most important component of any computer (except for iron inside the case) is the operating system. But do we have here, what to look like yourself from domestic? It turns out. Here brief list Real projects that are launched and do not work for the first year:

I decided to consider the first (dew), because I assume that it is most convenient for the former windows users Of all I have been tried. More precisely: the editorial office "for the people" - Fresh (i.e., "fresh" dew).

https://pp.vk.me/c622330/v622330599/4a111/e-likyhjxa2m.jpg

The main problem for the user of the new operating system is to master the new logic of working with a computer (because dew is not a Windows clone, but a completely different OS). For example, a person who has decided to transfer to the OS X from Apple will have to strongly reject the habits of Windows up to the "hot keys". Here the Russian operating system has a minimum problem: the bottom panel Reminds the logic of the work of the usual "vendor", and the menu device (conditionally call it "Start") will delight with its simplicity and functionality.

https://pp.vk.me/c624419/v624419599/61c93/7xqg0ybjao4.jpg.

But this is only external cosmetics. Inside there are all the tools that are even quite advanced tools: built-in players of a huge number of formats, full office package (analog MS Office), graphics, audio and video editors, mail client, two (!) Browser for lovers from different camps (Firefox and Chromium), a client capable of connecting to ICQ and QIP, recording utilities loading flash drives and disks. If necessary, you make Skype, TeamViewer and others useful programs Through a convenient and laconic software installer (most programs are installed and updated through one tool, it is updated manually without any need).

https://pp.vk.me/c622330/v622330599/4a11b/dmmw9lea8s4.jpg.

And even with the entire massiveness of the pre-installed set of ROSA programs, it is managed to load and turn off the faster products of the Redmond Corporation. And the problem of viruses will disturb only those who are targeted by the system. "Suddenly" on the computer they can not appear.

With all this, there are many unique features for a Windows user. What only the opportunity to distribute wifi-Internet from their laptop or the opportunity after the inclusion of "freezing mode" is mocked experiments over the system, and then after rebooting to see the system in the "pre-criticized" state.

https://pp.vk.me/c622330/v622330599/4a125/cm1n-a-a-a-ok.jpg.

In general, a lot of benefits. You need to feel them in order to understand it. To do this, it is enough to boot into a full-fledged operating system directly from the CD or flash drive, without installing the system (unusual, right?). And if you like it, then install the system and while installing the Internet or write an interesting article.

Another advantage of the Russian OS is the active and affordable Russian-speaking community

- ... Wikipedia

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Books

• Microsoft Exchange Server 2013. Full Guide, Rand Morimoto, Michael Noel, Guy Yardeni, Chris Amaris, Andrew Abbot. Being something big than just a comprehensive and authoritative reference book, the book`Microsoft Exchange Server 2013. Full guide`offers hundreds useful Soviets And tricks, ...
• Programming for Palm Pocket Computers and Pocket PC, Vladimir Rafalovich, Sergey Karnukhov. The subject of the book is to develop applications for portable computers based on Windows CE and Palm operating systems, called pocket personal computers (PDA). Given ...

The operating system (OS) is a system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides general services for computer programs. Everything computer programs, With the exception of the firmware, require work.

Operating systems with a division of time are planning tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software to distribute the cost of processor time, mass storage, printing and other resources.

Dominant desktop (desktop) operating system is Microsoft Windows. The market share is about 83.3%. MacOS from Apple Inc. It takes second place (11.2%), and the varieties of Linux are in the third position (1.55%).

In the mobile sector (smartphones and tablets), according to the third quarter of 2016, Android from Google dominates from 87.5%, and the growth rate is 10.3% per year followed by iOS apple With 12.1% and a year, a decline in the market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems constitute only 0.3 percent.

Linux distributions are dominant in server and supercomputer sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded systems and real-time systems, exist for many applications.

Consider the statistics of the use of the OS according to the data. ATTENTION, IN STATISTICS Cumulative data of all Platform:

• Desktop.
• Mobile
• Tablet.
• Console.

Top operating systems in Ukraine:

In Ukraine, the leading operation of the operating system is of course Windows - 73.33% of all devices, from desktop to pocket. And since mobile technologies Take it, Android - in Ukraine also took 13.19%. Apple OS X operating system is third place - 5.38%, and even if IOS is added to it - 4.46% - this will not give it to the android in Ukraine.

Belarus has such statistics OS:

The first - Windows - 71.27%, the second - Android - 17.74% and the same situation with OS X - 4.2% and iOS - 3.55%.

OS rating in Kazakhstan:

Kazakhstan is more mobile. And at least Windows is still the first - 63.85%, Android has 23.08%, that is, almost 1/4. IOS rating here is also higher - 7.83%.

The popularity of operating systems in Russia:

First place windows - 68.58%. The second and third place of Android - 15.88% and iOS - 7.11%

Statistics of operating systems in the world:

Considering the aggregate statistics of desktop and mobile platformsFor July 2017 leads OS Android - 41.24% of all devices. The second and third, respectively, Windows - 35.24% and iOS - 13.2%.

A bit of history

In the 1940s, the earliest electronic digital systems did not have operating systems. Electronic systems This time was programmed to rows of mechanical switches or with jumpers on boards. These are special-purpose systems that, for example, generated ballistic tables for military or controlled printing checks of accrual wages From data on cards. After the programmable general purpose computers were invented, machine languages \u200b\u200bwere introduced (consisting of binary digits 0 and 1 on perflective paper tape), which accelerated the programming process.

In the early 1950s, the computer could only perform one program at a time. Each user used an exclusively computer for a limited period of time and received scheduled time with the program and data on cards or perflate. The program will be loaded into the car, and the machine will work until the program is completed. Usually programs can be debugged using the front panel using the togglers and panel lamps.

Later, the cars were supplied with program libraries that would be related to the user program to assist in operations such as input and output, as well as generating computer code from readable symbolic code. It was the genesis of the modern operating system. However, cars still performed one task at a time. In the University of Cambridge in England, the timing of the work was once a washing line (clothing line), from which the tapes were suspended with different color pins to designate work priorities.

The improvement was the Atlas Supervisor introduced with the Manchester Atlas, put into operation in 1962, "which was considered by many of the first recognizable operating system"

Macos.

MacOS (previously "Mac OS X" and later "OS X") is a line of graphic operating systems of the open kernel, developed soldered and sold Apple Inc., the last of which is pre-downloaded to all Macintosh computers that are currently shipped. MacOS is the main Apple operating system since 1984. This UNIX operating system, built on technology developed in Next in the second half of the 1980s and up to Apple bought a company in early 1997. The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, and in March 2001 - Customer version (Mac OS X V10.0 "Cheetah"). Since then, another six different "client" and "server" issues of MacOS has been released until they were combined into OS X 10.7 "Lion".

Before his merger with the MacOS server version - MacOS server - was architecturally identical to his desktop copy and usually worked on the line hardware Macintosh from Apple. MacOS server included working group management and administering tools that provide simplified key access. network Services, including mail transfer agent, Samba Server, LDAP Server, Domain Name Server and Others. With Mac OS X V10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server were integrated into the client version, and the product is renamed to OS X (discard Mac on behalf of). Server tools are now offered as an application.

Linux

Ubuntu.Table distribution Linux. The Linux kernel appeared in 1991 as a project of Linus Torvalds, at the time of the University student in Finland. He published information about his project in a newsgroup for computer students and programmers and received support and help from volunteers who managed to create a full and functional core.

Linux is a UNIX-like, but was developed without any UNIX code, unlike BSD and its options. Due to its model with an open license, the Linux kernel code is available for studying and modifying, which led to its use on a wide spectrum computer equipment From supercomputers to smart watches. Although estimates suggest that Linux is used only by 1.82% of all "desktop" (or portable) PCs, it is widely used to use on servers and embedded systems, such as cell Phones. Linux replaced UNIX on many platforms and is used on most supercomputers, including top-385. Many of the same computers are also on Green500 (but in a different order), and Linux works on top 10. Linux is also widely used on other small energy efficient computers, such as smartphones. Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Android from Google, Chrome OS and Chromium OS.

Microsoft Windows.

Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft and intended mainly for computers based on Intel architecture with a total total use of 88.9% on computers connected to the Internet.

Microsoft Windows was first released in 1985 as an operating environment working on top of MS-DOS, which was a standard operating system supplied on most personal computers Intel. while. In 1995, Windows 95 was released, which used only MS-DOS as an initial load. For back compatibility Win9x can run real-time MS-DOS and 16-bit windows drivers 3.x. Windows ME released in 2000 was last version Win9x families. Later versions were based on the Windows NT kernel. Current client windows version Work on IA-32, X86-64 and 32-bit ARM microprocessors. In addition, Itanium is still supported in old version Server Windows Server 2008 R2. In the past, Windows NT supported additional architectures.

Windows server editions are widely used. In recent years, Microsoft has spent significant capital to promote using windows As a server operating system. However, the use of Windows on servers is not as widespread as on personal computersBecause Windows competes with Linux and BSD per share market.

Reactos. - this is an alternative operating room windows systemwhich is developed on the principles of Windows - without the use of any Microsoft code.

Others

There were many operating systems that were significant at one time, but there are no longer there, such as amigaos; OS / 2 from IBM and Microsoft; Classic Mac OS, Predecessor Non-Unix for MacOS from Apple; Beos; XTS-300; RISC OS; MorphOS; Haiku; Baremetal and Freemint. Some of them are still used in niche markets and continue to develop as minority platforms for community enthusiasts and specialized applications. OpenVMS, earlier from Dec, Hewlett-Packard develops. However, other operating systems are used almost exclusively in academic circles, for training in operating systems or to study the concepts of the operating system. A typical example of a system that performs both roles is minix, whereas, for example, Singularity is used exclusively for research.

Other operating systems could not conquer a significant market share, but introduced innovations that influence the main operating systems.