Overclocking Core i5 on a laptop. How to check TURBO BOOST technology? So, to overclock the processor with SetFSB, you need

Processors Intel Core I5 and i7, in addition to the set of nominal frequency, can work with greater speed. This speed is achieved thanks to special technology. Turbo Boost.. When installing all drivers, this technology is turned on and running by default. However, if you installed all software, and the acceleration is not observed, you should perform monitoring Turbo Boost.

What is Turbo Boost and how does it work?

Turbo Boost is a technology that is designed specifically for Intel Core i5 and I7 and I7 processors of the first three generations. It allows you to temporarily dispersed the frequency of the cores above the set nominal value. In this case, such an overclocking is performed taking into account the strength of the current, voltage, temperature of the device and the state of the operating system itself, that is, safely. However, this increase in the speed of the processor is temporary. It depends on the operating conditions, such as load, the number of cores and the design of the platform. In addition, overclocking with TURBO Boost is possible only for Intel Core I5 \u200b\u200band I7 and I7 processors of the first three generations. Full list devices that support this technology following:

It is also worth noting that the technology of turbo boob works only on operating windows systems 7 and 8. Windows Vista, XP and 10 do not support this technology.

Acceleration is called a forced increase in the processor clock frequency in excess of nominal. Immediately explain what these concepts mean.

Tact is a conditional, very short temporary gap, for which the processor performs a certain amount of Instructions software code.

BUT clock frequency - This is the number of clocks for 1 second.

Increasing the clock frequency is directly proportional to the speed of execution of programs, that is, it works faster than not discerning.

In a word, overclocking allows you to extend the "active life" of the processor when its standard performance ceases to respond to the user's requirements.

It allows you to increase the speed of the computer without spending on the purchase of new equipment.

Important! The negative side of overclocking is an increase in the power consumption of a computer, sometimes very noticeable, increasing heat generation and accelerating the wear of devices due to work in non-standard mode. You should also know what accelerating the processor, you accelerate with it and the RAM.

What needs to be done before acceleration?

Each processor has its overclocking potential - the limit of the clock frequency, the exceeding of which leads to the inoperability of the device.

Most processors such as Intel Core i3, I5, I7 can be safely dispersed only by 5-15% of the initial level, and some are even less.

The desire to squeeze the maximum clock frequency from possible does not always justify itself, because when a certain heating threshold is reached, the processor begins to skip the clocks to reduce the temperature.

It follows from this that the stable operation of the overclocked system requires good cooling.

In addition, given the increased power consumption, it may be necessary to replace the power supply to more powerful.

Immediately before acceleration, you need to make three things:

Update computers to the latest version.
Make sure the installation and reliability of the installation.
Learn the original clock frequency of your processor (view in BIOS or through special utilities, for example).

Also useful before acceleration test the work of the processor on stability at maximum load. For example, using utilities & m.

After that, it's time to start "sacred."

Intel processor overclocking programs

Setfsb.

Easy to use the utility that allows you to overclock the "on the fly" processor by simply moving the slider.

After making changes, it does not require a reboot of the computer.

The program is suitable for overclocking as old processor models like Intel Core 2 Duo and modern.

However, it does not support all motherboards, and this is an unconditional need, since overclocking is carried out by increasing the support frequency of the system tire.

That is, it affects the clock generator (PLL chip or as it is called, the chief), located on the motherboard.

Find out if your fee is included in the list of supported, you can on the site of the program.

Tip! To avoid the output of the processor, it is recommended to work with SETFSB only to experience users who understand what they are doing and are aware of the possible consequences. In addition, an unprepared by the user is unlikely to be able to correctly determine the model of its clock generator, which must be specified manually.

So, to overclock the processor with SetFSB, you need:

Select from the list "Clock Generator" model of the closer installed on your motherboard.
Click the GET FSB button. After that, the current frequency of the system bus (FSB) and processor will appear in the SETFSB window.
Caution, in small steps to move the slider in the center of the window. After each movement, the slider must be monitored by the processor temperature. For example, using the program.
After selecting the optimal position of the slider, you need to click the SET FSB button.

Plus (and for someone minus) the SetFSB utility is that the settings performed in it will only be performed before rebooting the computer. After re-start, they will have to be installed again.

If there is no desire to do it every time, the utility can be placed in the autoload.

CPUFSB.

CPUFSB is the next program to overclock the Intel Core i5, I7 processors and others, which can be from the developer site.

If you are familiar with the CPUCOOL utility - integrated monitoring and acceleration tools, then know that CPUFSB is the overclocking module selected from it.

Supports many motherboards on Intel, Via, AMD, Ali and Sis chipsets.

Unlike SETFSB, CPUFSB has a Russian translation, so it is much easier to understand how it is much easier.

The principle of operation in these two programs is the same: increase the support frequency of the system tire.

Operating procedure:

Select from the manufacturer's list and type of your motherboard.
Select the brand and model of the PLL chip (clock generator).
Click "Take the frequency" to display the system bus and processor in the current frequency program.
Increase frequency is also necessary for small steps, while controlling the temperature of the processor. After selection optimal setting Click "Set the Frequency".

CPUFSB allows you to set the FSB bus frequency upon subsequent program startup and when you exit. Current settings are also saved until the computer is rebooted.

Softfsb.

Completes our Outline utilitySoftFSB - another tool for overclocking the "on the fly" processor. It is not more complex in circulation than previous programs.

Just like they, support many models of motherboards, various models clock generators and any processors.

Unlike paid SETFSB and CPUFSB, you can use SoftFSB free of charge.

However, there is no guarantee that it will start on your computer, since no longer supported by the author.

To overclock the processor with SoftFSB, you also need to know the model motherboard, PLL chip and be a fairly experienced user.

Procedure:

In the FSB SELECT section, specify the board and clock generator model.
Press the "Get FSB" button to capture the processor frequency and bus.
Controlling the temperature of the processor, find the optimal frequency, moving the slider in the middle of the window.
Selecting the appropriate value, click the "Set FSB" button.

As you can see, everything is the same here. According to a similar algorithm, there are also a mass of other programs for overclocking processors under Windows.

In addition to universal, there are utilities with the function of overclocking, which produce manufacturers of motherboards themselves.

They use somewhat easier and safer, because they are designed for a simple user and knowingly cannot cause harm.

Important! All the reviewed programs allow you to disperse both on laptops and in stationary PCs. But if you have a laptop, you should respect greater caution and do not lift the system tire frequency to high values.

Core i5-3230M is an excellent dual-core chip for medium laptops. price range. In the presence of discrete video card Such a mobile system can even belong to the class of gaming machines. It is its technical parameters and real computational capabilities will be considered in detail in detail.

Processor connector, generation of chip family and hardware features of a semiconductor crystal

This chip was released in 2013 for the FCPGA988 processor connector. This socket has been used everywhere to create a CPU-based laptop based on the Core architecture and belonging to its second or third generation. It is to the last one and belongs how many nuclei was part of this central processor? Two real computing modules. But here support for HT technology allowed to increase the number of program code processing flows 2 times. That is, at the program level, the number of nuclei was 4.

Production technology

This silicon crystal was manufactured according to the standards of admission to 22 nm. Transistors in this case had a three-dimensional layout, which the manufacturer of Intel was called Trigate. The modern processors in terms of miniaturization advanced only one step forward and produced 14 Nm technology, but the technological process has not changed, and the transistors in the CPU have all the same bulk layout. Therefore, from a technological point of view, this processor continues to be relevant.

Cache Organization

As in any other high-performance modern CPU, 3 fast cache levels are in Specifications Indicate that at the first level, its total volume is 128 KB. This volume is divided into 2 equal parts of 64 KB, tied to a specific calculation unit. Again, these blocks of 64 KB are distributed by another 2 block of 32 KB. One of them saves instructions, the second is the data. The total cache size at the second level is 512 KB, and on the third - 3 MB.

Controller RAM

Controller random access memory He came into the semiconductor chip. It was focused on working with DDR3 standard modules. The recommended frequency values \u200b\u200bwere equal to 1333 MHz or 1600 MHz. The controller itself was two-channel. That is, the use of two reduced size planks allowed to obtain an additional speed gain. For example, 2 1 GB modules were more profitable in terms of performance than 1 bar on 1 GB.

Heat peculiarities

Core i5-3230m has a thermal package of 35 W. Alas, this value does not allow for cooling this CPU passive systems based on aluminum radiator. In this case, you can use only coolers. The maximum temperature for this chip is 105 0 C. In reality, in the presence of a high-quality active heat sink system, this value does not exceed 50 -60 0 S.

Frequency formula

Depending on the level of complexity of the processed program code and its thermal state of Core i5-3230M, it can change its minimum value - 2.6 GHz, and the maximum for two computing blocks is 3.0 GHz. If one of the modules turns off and the CPU will switch to the same-core computing mode, the frequency can still be increased by 200 MHz and reaches 3.2 GHz.

Graphic component

This processor includes a built-in graphics accelerator HD Graphics 4000 model. Technical specifications It is quite modest, but its presence is quite enough to solve the most simple and frequently performed tasks. Due to the component on the basis of this CPU, you can also create even budget laptops initial level. Clock frequencies of this graphic processor It may vary in the range from 650 MHz with minimal load and up to 1.1 GHz in the peak processing mode of video information.

RESULTS

Even now Mobile computing systems Core i5-3230m can be found on sale. Of course, the level of speed is lower than that of new generations of processors. But the cost of such laptops is significantly less. And it was for the last reason that the purchase of such a PC will be really justified.

Product release date.

Lithography

Lithography Indicates semiconductor technology used for the production of integrated chip sets and the report is shown in a nanometer (NM), which indicates the size of the functions built into the semiconductor.

Number of Cores

The number of cores is a hardware term that describes the number of independent central processing modules in one computing component (crystal).

Number of streams

A stream or stream of execution is a software term denoting the basic orderly sequence of instructions that can be transmitted or treated with one CPU core.

Basic processor clock frequency

The basic processor frequency is the speed of opening / closing processor transistors. The base frequency of the processor is the operating point where the calculated power (TDP) is set. Frequency is measured in gigaherts (GHz) or billions of computing cycles per second.

Maximum clock frequency with TURBO BOOST technology

Maximum clock frequency in Turbo mode is the maximum clock frequency of a single-core processor, which can be achieved using the Intel® Turbo Boost and Intel® Thermal Velocity Boost supported by it. Frequency is measured in gigaherts (GHz) or billions of computing cycles per second.

Cache memory

Cool memory processor is a high-speed memory area located in the processor. Intel® Smart Cache's Intelligent Cache Memory Indicates an architecture that allows all the kernels to jointly dynamically use access to the lature cache.

System Tire Frequency

The tire is a subsystem transmitting data between computer components or between computers. As an example, you can call a system bus (FSB), which is exchanged between the processor and the memory controller block; DMI interface, which is a point-to-point connection between the intelled Intel memory controller and the Intel I / O controller block on the system board; And the Quick Path Interconnect interface (QPI) connecting the processor and the integrated memory controller.

Calculated power

Calculated thermal power (TDP) indicates the average performance in watts when the processor power is dissipated (when working with a base frequency, when all kernels are involved) under complex load, a specific Intel. Familiarize yourself with the requirements for thermoregulation systems presented in the technical description.

Available options for embedded systems

Available options for embedded systems indicate products that provide extended acquisition for intelligent systems and embedded solutions. Product Specification and Terms of Use are presented in the PRODUCTION REPEASE Qualification (PRQ) report. Contact an Intel to get detailed information.

Max. Memory amount (depends on the type of memory)

Max. Memory amount means the maximum amount of memory supported by the processor.

Types of memory

Intel® processors support four of different types Memory: single-channel, dual-channel, three-channel and Flex.

Max. Number of memory channels

The bandwidth application depends on the amount of memory channels.

Max. Memory bandwidth

Max. Memory bandwidth means the maximum speed with which data can be read from memory or stored in the memory processor (in GB / s).

ECC ‡ memory support

ECC memory support indicates support for memory processor with error correction code. ECC memory is a type of memory that supports identifying and correcting common types of internal memory damage. Please note that ECC memory support requires support and processor, and a chipset.

Built into the processor graph ‡

The graphical processor system is an integrated graphical data processor processor, which forms the operation of the video system functions, computing processes, Multimedia and display information. Intel® HD graphics systems, IRIS ™ Graphics, Iris Plus Graphics and Iris Pro Graphics provide advanced media data transformation, high frame rate and the ability to display video in 4K Ultra HD (UHD). For getting for more information See Intel® Graphics Technology Page.

Graphics basic frequency

The basic frequency of the graphics system is the nominal / guaranteed clock frequency of rendering of graphs (MHz).

Max. Dynamic Graphic System Frequency

Max. The dynamic frequency of the graphic system is the maximum conditional frequency of rendering (MHz) supported by Intel® HD-graphics with the Dynamic Frequency function.

Display graphic system

The output of the graphic system defines the interfaces available for interacting with the display of the device.

Intel® Quick Sync Video

Intel® Quick Sync Video technology provides fast conversion of video for portable media players, placement on the network, as well as editing and creating video.

INTRU ™ 3D Technology

Intel® Intru ™ 3D technology allows you to play three-dimensional stereoscopic video films in Blu-ray * with a 1080p resolution using the HDMI * 1.4 interface and high-quality sound.

Intel® Flexible Display (Intel® FDI) Interface

Intel® Flexible Display is an innovative interface that allows you to output independent images into two channels using an integrated graphics system.

INTEL® CLEAR VIDEO HD Technology

Intel® Clear Video HD technology, as well as the Intel® Clear Video technology preceding it is a set of video coding and video processing technologies built into the integrated graphics system of the processor. These technologies make video playback more stable, and graphics are clearer, bright and realistic. Intel® Clear Video HD provides more vivid colors and more realistic skin mapping due to video quality improvements.

Editorial PCI Express.

Editorial PCI EXPRESS. - This is a version supported by the processor. PCIE (PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT EXPRESS) is a high-speed standard sequential tire Extensions for computers to connect to it hardware devices. Various versions of PCI Express support various data rates.

PCI Express Configuration

PCI Express (PCIE) configurations describe the available PCIE channel configurations that can be used to bind the PCIe PCIE channels to the PCIE devices.

Max. Channels PCI Express

The PCI Express channel (PCIE) consists of two pairs of signaling channels, one of which is designed to receive, and the other - for data transmission, and this channel is the PCIe Base Module. The number of PCI Express channels is the total number of channels supported by the processor.

Supported connectors

Connector is called a component that provides mechanical and electrical connections between the processor and the motherboard.

T Junction.

The temperature on the actual spot of the contact is the maximum temperature permissible on the processor crystal.

Intel® TURBO BOOST ‡ Technology

Intel® Turbo Boost technology dynamically increases the processor frequency to the required level using the difference between the nominal and maximum values \u200b\u200bof the temperature and energy parameters, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the power consumption or, if necessary, "dispersed" the processor.

Compliance with Intel® platform VPRO ™

Intel® VPRO ™ technology is a built-in processor a complex of security and security tools, designed to solve problems in four main areas. information security: 1) management of threats, including protection against rootkitov, viruses and other malware, 2) Protection of personal information and point protection of access to the website 3) Protection of confidential personal and business information 4) Remote and local monitoring, fixing, repair PC and Workstations.

INTEL® HYPER-THRAADING ‡ Technology

Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology (Intel® HT Technology) provides two processing streams for each physical core. Multi-threaded applications can perform more tasks in parallel, which significantly speeds up performance.

Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT-X) ‡

Intel® Virtualization technology for directional I / O (VT-X) allows one hardware platform to function as a few "virtual" platforms. Technology improves management capabilities, reducing downtime and maintaining productivity through the allocation separate sections For computing operations.

Intel® Virtualization Technology For Directional I / O (VT-D) ‡

Intel® Virtualization Technology Technology For directional I / O complements the support for virtualization in processors based on the IA-32 architecture (VT-X) and in ITANIUM® processors (VT-i) input / output device virtualization functions. Intel® Virtualization Technology For directional I / O helps users increase the security and reliability of systems, as well as improve the performance of I / O devices in virtual environments.

Intel® VT-X with EXTENDED Page Tables (EPT) ‡

Intel® VT-X with Extended Page Tables, also known as Second Level Address Translation (SLAT) technology provides acceleration of virtualized applications with intensive memory use. The Extended Page Tables technology on platforms with Intel® virtualization technology reduces unproductive memory and power consumption costs and increases battery life thanks to hardware optimization of managing page forwarding table.

Intel® 64 ‡ Architecture

Intel® 64 architecture in combination with the corresponding software Supports the operation of 64-bit applications on servers, workstations, desktops and laptops. The Intel® 64 architecture provides an increase in productivity, due to which computing systems can use more than 4 GB of virtual and physical memory.

Set of commands

A set of commands contains basic commands and instructions that the microprocessor understands and can perform. The value shown indicates which set of Intel commands this processor is compatible.

Expansion of the command set

Expansion of command set are additional instructions with which you can improve performance when performing operations with multiple data objects. These include SSE (support for SIMD extensions) and AVX (vector extensions).

Intel® My WiFi Technology

Intel® My WiFi technology provides wireless connection Ultrabook ™ or laptop to devices with wiFi support, such as printers, stereos, etc.

Wi-Fi 4G WiMAX Wireless Technology

4G WiMAX Wireless technology provides wireless broadband Internet access at speeds up to 4 times faster than 3G.

Prohibition status

The idle status mode (or C-status) is used for energy saving when the processor is inactive. C0 means working condition, that is, the CPU is currently performing useful work. C1 is the first state of inaction, C2 - the second state of inaction, etc. The higher the numerical indicator of the C-state, the more the program performs the program on energy saving.

Advanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology

Advanced technology Intel Speedstep.® allows high performance, as well as compliance with the requirements mobile systems to energy saving. Standard Intel Speedstep® technology allows you to switch the voltage and frequency level depending on the processor load. Intel SpeedStep® enhanced technology is built on the same architecture and uses such development strategies such as separation of voltage and frequency changes, as well as the distribution and restoration of the clock signal.

Intel® Demand Based Switching Technology

Intel® Demand Based Switching is a power management technology in which the applied voltage and the clock frequency of the microprocessor are held at the minimum required level until the increase is required. computing power. This technology was presented on the server market called Intel Speedstep®.

Technology thermocontrol

Thermocontrol technologies protect the processor housing and a system from a failure due to overheating using several temperature control functions. The intracrystalline digital temperature sensor (Digital Thermal Sensor - DTS) determines the kernel temperature, and the temperature control function can reduce the power consumption of the processor, thereby reducing the temperature, to ensure work within normal performance.

INTEL® FAST MEMORY ACCESS technology

Intel® Fast Memory Access technology is an advanced trunk architecture of a video memory controller block (GMCH), which enhancing system performance due to optimizing the use of available bandwidth and reduce delay time when accessing memory.

INTEL® FLEX MEMORY ACCESS technology

Intel® Flex Memory Access provides ease of upgrades due to the support of memory modules of various volumes operating in dual channel mode.

Intel® Privacy Policy Privacy Technology

Intel® Privacy Policy - Built-in security technology based on the use of token. This technology provides simple and reliable means of controlling access to commercial and business data online, providing protection against safety and fraud threats. Intel® Privacy Policy Uses PC Authentication Hardware Mechanisms on websites, in banking systems and network services, confirming the uniqueness of this PC, protects against unauthorized access and prevents attacks using malicious software. Intel® Privacy Protection Technology can be used as a key component of solutions. two-factor authenticationintended to protect information on websites and control access to business applications.

Intel® TRUSTED EXECTION ‡ Technology

Intel® TRUSTED EXECTION technology expands the ability to safely execute commands by hardware expansion of processor capabilities and Intel® chips. This technology provides for digital office platforms such protection functions as measured application launch and protected execution of commands. This is achieved by creating an environment where applications are executed isolated from other system applications.

Function Bit Cancel Execution ‡

Bit Performance is a hardware security function that reduces vulnerability to viruses and malicious CodaAnd also prevent malware and distribute it on the server or online.

Anti-Theft Technology

Intel® technology to protect against theft helps to ensure data security on a figurative computer in case it is lost or stolen. For use intel technology® To protect against theft, it is necessary to subscribe to the Intel® technology provider to protect against theft.

For most computer users "Contact" C consists only in using MS Office, watch online movies, game in "Shooting" or communication in social networks. Few know that behind the "filling" of their favorite device and how it works.

And very few know that it is possible to change the frequency of the processor on the laptop, using for this only. In fact, the processor is absolutely inert with respect to the frequencies given to it. The main indicator of its functionality is a steadily high performance.

Given the needs of users, most manufacturers computer devices Intentionally reduce the frequency indicators of its product, thereby increasing the performance of the device even with minimal cooling and maximum loads. And such a policy is quite justified, since many unknown that the acceleration of the processor under their own needs is quite the real and necessary task.

The acceleration of the processor can be carried out in several ways, but to achieve the desired result, it is important to understand how it works: the clock frequency of the processor is always equal to the product of the basic and processor factor.

Consider briefly these variables:

Basic frequency - The frequency of the tire affecting any device connected to. Nonodynakova for various devices And more depends on the type of processor. Increasing it will entail an increase in devices, such as the RAM.
Processor multiplier - A variable value that does not have a significant impact on the operation of other devices and varies only in a certain period specified by the manufacturer of a computer device. The multiplier is designed to change the power of the processor.

Despite the presence of various programs created specifically for overloin, the best option will be used as a "springboard" BIOS motherboard.

Council. Some believe that the best option of acceleration of the processor is directly through the transaction. But this method is very risky, because many overloine programs simply do not take into account the individual characteristics of devices of various types. As a result, such overclocking can lead to violations in the work of the entire system.

Acceleration of the AMD Athlon processor

Before starting the process of overclocking the processor, think about all the risks. With an inactive and inattentive implementation of its implementation, the result may be deplorable: unstable work, malfunctions up to the system output.

Council. If you do not have enough experience in Overloine, we advise you to get acquainted in detail with the instructions for the processor on your laptop and find those points in the BIOS menu that are responsible for the frequency of the memory bus, FSB, etc.

If you prepared as you should, you can proceed to acceleration. Below is presented detailed instructions Overlooking:

First of all, you need to enter the BIOS. To do this, click Delete during system boot. In the POWER BIOS SETUP tab, select the Memory Frequency item, set the DDR400 value. In this way, you can reduce the frequency of memory, which will allow you to remove the barrier in the overloine process. We save the changes and reboot the laptop.
After switching on the laptop re-go into the BIOS. In the Feature menu, select the DRAM Configuration item. You will open a window in which all items with the AUTO value must be replaced by the value to the right of the "/".
Now you can go to the main part - overclocking. In the BIOS menu, we find Power Setup and select the clock frequency.
Next, we also find the CLOCK SPEED indicator and increase its value up to 250 megahertz. After that, it remains only to save the settings and restart the re-system.
To test the operation of the processor, start one of test programsIf the system will show stable and high performance - you have reached your goal.

Acceleration of the Intel Core i5 processor, i3

As for Intel's products, it is not clear whether it is worth talking categorical "no" to various programs, the purpose of which is to increase the performance of the processor. Already for a long time There are hot disputes about whether such programs are reliable. Proponents motivate ease of use, opponents - inadequate.

Immediately aligns one point: it was noted that I3 type processors were not very "succumbed" overclocking (this is the case if you are the owner of such a device and expect fantastic results).

In the meantime, the question is not yet fully clarified and completely, it is better to use a proven way. In principle, the processes of overclocking the Intel Core i5 and I3 processors are similar to each other, so we consider the scheme common to both models.

As in the previous case, during the system boot, you need to enter the BIOS using the Delete or F2 key.
The menu find items related to the processor / system bus. Most often there are words in their name that indirectly speak of their attitude towards overloine.
Now proceed to changes in the BIOS settings. The first thing it is necessary to change the base frequency indicator so that it affects the system tire frequency.

Attention. If an Intel processor is standing on your laptop, in the name of which there is no prefix, then its multiplier is impossible to disperse.

So, if the processor supports the overclocking option using a multiplier, then our actions will be similar to the acceleration process of an AMD processor: each time you increase the multiplier indicators per item and reboot the system. After rebooting - checking the system to consistently high performance and so on.

If you are a lover non-standard solutions, Try to overclock the processor, increasing the frequency indicator and tires, and multiplier. We recommend to select the minimum indicator of the stable operation of the processor. When overloine, be careful with the increase in voltage, since it can damage the processor too high.

Council. If, after downloading changes, the laptop began to work incorrectly or did not load at all, then this can only say about one - the system does not support the specified values. In this case, only physical reset of motherboard settings remains. Just remove the battery and insert a minute later. Manufacturers of most computer devices take care of a convenient reset of previous settings by adding a special jumper to the motherboard.

So, we have acquainted to you with quite useful informationthat will help you increase the processor performance for more comfortable work on the laptop.