What bandwidth. Internet speed - what it is and what is measured, how to increase the speed of the Internet connection. Methods of signal transmission

There are very favorable hosting rates for site accommodation. But sometimes they scare constraints on the volume of traffic. We will figure it out how to determine whether the site will fit into the installed framework.

Calculation of bandwidth

A simple calculation can tell a lot of interesting things:
Required traffic \u003d Average number Views Pages x Middle Page X Middle Visitors per day x Number of days in month x Reserve.
The average number of visitors per day is the total number of visitors for the month, you need to divide by 30.

• The average page of the page is the average size of one page file.
• The average number of page views is the average number of page views per visitor.
• The reserve is a security factor that varies within 1.3-1.8.

We set the number, and we obtain an approximate bandwidth assessment that is required for your site.

Calculation of the bandwidth of the site from which you can download the file

The calculation is carried out in the same way, it will only need to define additional channels for download. The bandwidth of the site and loading is easily calculated by the formula:
Required traffic \u003d [(Average page Views X Middle Page X Middle Number of Visitors per day) + (Medium number of downloads per day x Middle File size)] x Number of days in month x Reserve.
The average number of visitors per day is the total number of visitors in a month should be divided into 30

• Middle Weight Page is the average size of one page file
• The average number of page views is the average number of page views per visitor
• The average file size is the total size of the site files, divided by quantity.
• The reserve is a security factor that varies in the range of 1.3 - 1.8.

Excess bandwidth

Now it is clear to you that there is a safety margin from 30% to 80%, which is used in the calculation of bandwidth. The reason for the fact that the bandwidth reserve is crucial, if necessary, withstand sharp traffic jumps.

That is, the higher the backup indicator, the more stable the server. So, he can cope with an unexpected traffic jump that can erase all differences between a successful and unsuccessful advertising campaign site.

For example, your article turned out to be on the first page of Google by the search query "iPhone" - and the server does not cope with the sharp increase in traffic. That is how good advertising campaign suddenly ended very unsuccessfully.

How to determine whether the site requires more bandwidth?

As a rule, if the site is constantly busy and slows down, this is the first sign that a higher bandwidth is required.

The probability that the provider simply lacks the bandwidth ability is also not excluded. To solve this task, it is necessary to increase bandwidth, or go to the dedicated server, as it will not be necessary to share the bandwidth of the site with other clients of the hosting.

In addition, you can use file hosting services, which not only allows you to save an impressive supply of the bandwidth of the site, but also make a profit for downloading your files.

Output

When you choose a suitable hosting plan, you must, except for the volume of bandwidth, pay special attention to some details.

Processor frequency, number of databases, RAM is just an incomplete list. In fact, without quality resources for these parameters - the unlimited bandwidth loses its meaning.

Want to know how the choice of domain is affected by the site position in the search release? .

The required minimum of informatics.

As you know, data networks are designed to transmit information. Information is a special essence and is measured by specific units.

Since the data network is intended for information transfer primarily between computers, therefore, the methods of its measurement are oriented primarily on the computer.

In the computer science, there is a batch concept - this is the minimum amount of information and it can have two states: yes - no, truth is a lie, a unit - zero, etc.

The computer usually works not with separate bits but with their groups. A group containing 8 bits is called - byte. 8 bits \u003d 1 byte.

Therefore, the amount of information is usually measured in the quantities of bits or bytes.

To avoid confusion while reducing the names, usually in most browsers and bootloader applications - a small Russian letter "b" or a small Latin "b" - denotes "bit", and large letters "b" or "b" - "byte".

Popular errors when analyzing speed

A very common error in measuring the speed is the wrong interpretation of the data obtained from the bootloader application, and you, seeing the value of 450 KBS, conclude that the speed is 10 times less than the stated tariff in 4096 KBS. But in the first case, the speed is measured in bytes and if it is multiplying it to 8, we obtain 3,600 kbps (including measurement error and service traffic is a completely acceptable result).

Another common error when measuring the connection speed is that you look at the right lower corner of the monitor on the icon in the form of two monitors, and read the inscription - "connection speed of 100 MB." Then you remember that you have a tariff plan, such as 512 kbps, and since 512 more than 100, it is concluded that you are deceived, and you start calling technical support.

Let's deal with what is going on! This icon and inscription - "Connection speed of 100 MB" report you the following information:

1) the modem is connected to the computer and between them there is a physical connection;

2) The modem and computer exchange with each other with a speed of 100 megabits per second (100 MB / C).

3) If the FTTB connection is connected, the modem role performs a house switch.

Currently, the speed of access to the Internet even on the highest speed tariff plan is lower than the rate of information exchange between the modem and PC. Thus, this value has nothing to do with the speed of connecting to the Internet.

Bandwidth

Thus, we will call the speed of information transfer, the amount of information expressed in bits or bytes transmitted per unit of time. The information transfer rate may be measured in bits per second - b / c, kilobits per second - KB / C or megabits per second - MB / s. Or in bytes per second - b / c, kilobytes per second - KB / s, etc., respectively.

Another, very similar concept, which is often confused with the speed of information transmission - channel bandwidth. It is measured in the same unit as the speed, but if the information transfer rate shows - how quickly information is transmitted from the source to the recipient without reference to how this channel is transmitted, the channel bandwidth shows - how much information can be passed Specific data transfer channel per unit time. Those. Bandwidth is the maximum possible data transfer rate for a specific channel.

In the data transmission networks on one channel, information from many sources can be simultaneously transmitted from many sources to many recipients and, depending on the range of factors, the information transfer rate for each specific pair of the recipient source can be different, but the bandwidth for each channel is the value as Rule constant.

The sum of all information transmission rates on a particular channel can not be greater than the bandwidth of this channel!

None provider can guarantee the client in advance the specified information transfer rate from / to any source of information from the network. The provider can guarantee the client only channel bandwidth.

Although in the contracts and prices of most providers it is indicated that such a network of access to the network is provided to the client, but in fact, this is not speed, but channel bandwidth.

What channel? From the client in Krasnoyarsk to the server in Uryupinsk or to the site www.windows.com?

Not! The provider can guarantee the bandwidth of only those channels that belong to it. As a rule, it is a channel from the client to the provider channel of access to the global Internet, from the client to the central node of the provider, which contains its internal information resources, or from one client connection point to another. Also, to some extent, the provider is responsible for the bandwidth of its main channels to other network providers.

What depends the speed of information transfer.

Suppose you, as a client, measured the speed of information transfer from ourselves (in Rostov-on-Don) to the server, let's say in Novosibirsk. For what "downloaded" from the server is large and seen the time of its "pumping". Then they shared the file volume for a while and received speed.

Only here for sure you will get a speed of less than your stated "access speed" (I mean bandwidth). And your provider can be absolutely not to blame.

I'll try to explain - why.

The main reasons, by and large, maybe three:

1) Overloading some kind of communication channel between you and the Novosibirsk server. And there can be a lot there: from you to your provider, from the provider to its uplink ("superior" provider), from Uplink your provider to Uplink's provider, to which the same Novosibirsk server is connected (and in this The location can be a rather long chain of channels belonging to different providers, including even foreign), as well as between the server and the provider to which it is connected. Moreover, the bandwidth of each of these channels can be different, and the "total" bandwidth of the entire channel will not be more than the bandwidth of the "slow" from all "subchannels".

2) a big load of the server itself (he just slowly "gave you information to you), or restrictions on the" return "data set by the server owner.

3) Low performance of your network equipment or big loading your computer with other tasks when you performed measurements.

In addition, in this case, you measured so to speak "clean" information transfer rate, without any overhead. And there are also not enough of them: official information in the header of each IP packet, connection commands and installation of the information transfer process, repeated sending of lost packages, etc. On average, these overhead costs are about 5-15%

Moreover, the more the "speed of access" from the provider, the more it can diverge with the rate of information transfer measured in this way. Since in order to simply generate an information flow at a speed of more than 5 - 50 MB / s, serious computing power is needed. From a conventional personal computer with a budget network card, such measurements will have accuracy "plus-minus big lap"

How to measure speed?

For some reason, many customers believe that every provider "sleeps and sees" as if the client to deceive, how to give him the "speed of access" smaller than he ordered.

This is not true. Any serious provider tries to ensure the guaranteed bandwidth as much as possible and not only because any client can measure it fairly to accurately and put the provider to the provider.

How to measure the bandwidth of the communication channel with the provider?

Now among customers fashionably measure the "speed of access" using various SpeedTest.net sites. However, using these sites, you can only measure the data transfer rate from you to this site, and not the bandwidth of your channel.

As I already wrote above, first, "two big differences", secondly, the accuracy of such a measurement "leaves much to be desired" (for the reasons set forth in the previous section), thirdly, they can only say "lower Border "bandwidth, i.e. that the bandwidth is "no less" of which you targeted.

The most reliable way to measure the true bandwidth of your channel is as follows.

First of all, you need to have any program that can count the amount of transmitted / received information directly on your computer interface - type TMeter, Dumeter, etc.

After launching such a program, you need to download your channel as possible by any way to "download" simultaneously several sufficiently large files from different FTP servers at the same time (and the more - the better). Either one more ways - to launch a popular application today - Torrent, typing as much boots as possible to it, and evaluate the overall speed of download. But then you can accurately determine exactly the bandwidth of your channel to the provider, because more than you allowed the provider, to your computer information "just does not break."

A little about adsl

There are cases when the provider cannot provide the channel bandwidth between you and its network, in accordance with your chosen tariff plan. This is most often happening in cases of ADSL connections. If you studied the operation of DSL access technologies, then you should know that the bandwidth of this channel largely depends on the length of the subscriber line, the thickness of the core, the quality of laying cable and its age. So in some cases, the provider does not have a technical ability to provide you with an ADSL connection to the maximum strip permissible with this technology in 25 MBS. Therefore, for most lines the norm is a value of 6-8 MBS.

For a start, a little theory:

The concept of "Internet speed" does not exist, there is a bandwidth of a channel, a limited number of factors:

connection technology

tariff plan

the remoteness of this or that server you are working with

The Internet channel bandwidth is a maximum amount of data capable of being accepted or transmitted per unit of time. As a base unit of measurement of bandwidth, bit per second. For large values, larger units are used - kilobits per second / megabita per second / gigabits per second and so on. Bandwidth to each subscriber is defined as its wired connection technology, it can be: ADSL or ADSL2 + up to 24 megabits per second, Fast Ethernet up to 100 megabits per second or Gigabit Ethernet to 1000 megabits per second and selected tariff plan.

As it was written in the article about the features of the use of unlimited tariff plans, all these restrictions may depend on a plurality of factors, and if you are connected by Ethernet technology, having a capacity of 100 megabits both to return and on the jump, it is not at all necessary that the server from which You will download anything, will provide the same channel bandwidth.

Also has a huge value of the remoteness of the server. For example you play online games, the online game server is located in Europe. Infolink has no own own channels abroad, respectively, when delays in the game occur in the game, in most cases they are caused by the remoteness of the server, and losses on the channel, let's say between Helsinki and Amsterdam, which does not apply to the infolink company.

Conducting measurements of bandwidth to an external server

On the world map, locate the point Noginsk. and click on it.

Wait for the end of the check.

The speed of receipt There will be an incoming channel channel bandwidth. Transmission speed There will be an outbound channel bandwidth.

The results are usually 5-10% less real, because Do not take into account the service traffic required for the network. If all the recommendations are made, and the results obtained do not correspond to your connection technology and the tariff plan, contact the technical support service provider to solve the problem.

Before measuring bandwidth to obtain the most objective results, follow these steps:
- to restart a computer;
- Disable programs using the Internet resources, such as: torrent clients, download managers, postal clients, Internet radio and self-winning and other;
- Suspend at the time of measurements the work of the antivirus, security-center or network screen.
- Make sure that the proxy server is not specified in the browser settings, because Otherwise, measurements will occur through it and the results may even closely do not correspond to reality.
- And the latter is to connect directly to the provider cable without using a home router.

1. What is the process of transferring information?

Information transfer- The physical process by which information is moved in space. Signed information on the disk and moved to another room. This process is characterized by the presence of the following components:

Sourse of information. Receiver information. Media information. Transmission environment.

Information transfer scheme:

Information source - information channel - information receiver.

The information is submitted and transmitted in the form of a sequence of signals, characters. From the source to the receiver, the message is transmitted through some material environment. If the transmission is used in the transmission, they are used, they are called information transmission channels (information channels). These include telephone, radio, TV. Man's senses fulfill the role of biological information channels.

The process of transmitting information on technical communication channels is held according to the following scheme (Shannon):

The term "noise" is called different kind of interference, distorting the transmitted signal and leading to loss of information. Such interference, first of all, arise for technical reasons: poor quality of communication lines, unprotected from each other from different information flows transmitted by the same channels. To protect against noise, different methods are used, for example, the use of different types of filters separating the useful signal from noise.

Claude Shannon developed a special coding theory that gives methods to combat noise. One of the important ideas of this theory is that the code transmitted over the link must be redundant. Due to this, the loss of some part of information during transmission can be compensated. However, it is impossible to make redundancy too big. This will lead to delays and price increase.

2. General information transfer scheme

3. Communication channels known to you

Communication channel (English Channel, Data Line) is a system of technical means and signal distribution environment for sending messages (not only data) from the source to the recipient (and vice versa). The communication channel, understood in a narrow sense (communication path), represents only the physical environmental distribution medium, for example, a physical communication line.

By type of distribution medium, communication channels are divided into:

wired; acoustic; optical; infrared; Radio channels.

4. What is telecommunications and computer telecommunications?

Telecommunications(Greek Tele - distance, far and lat. Communicatio - communication) is the transfer and reception of any information (sound, image, data, text) over a distance of various electromagnetic systems (cable and fiber optic channels, radio channels and other wired and wireless channels Communication).

Telecommunication network- This is a system of technical means by means of telecommunications.

Telecommunication networks include:

1. Computer networks (for data transfer)

2. Telephone networks (voice information transmission)

3. Radiosette (voice information transmission - broadcast services)

4. Television Networks (voice and image transmission - broadcast services)

Computer telecommunications - telecommunications whose terminal devices are computers.

Transferring information from a computer to a computer is called a synchronous connection, and through an intermediate computer that allows you to accumulate messages and transmit them to personal computers as the user requests, asynchronous.

Computer telecommunications begin to be introduced into education. In higher school, they are used to coordinate scientific research, operational exchange of information between project participants, training, consultations. In the school system - to improve the efficiency of independent activities of students related to various types of creative works, including training activities, based on the wide use of research methods, free access to databases, exchange information with partners both within the country and abroad.

5. What is the bandwidth of the information transmission channel?

Bandwidth- metric characteristicshowing the ratio the maximum number of undergoing units (information, items, volume ) per unit time via channel, system, node.

In computer science, bandwidth is usually applied to the communication channel and is determined by the maximum amount of transmitted / received information per unit of time.

Blowing capacity is one of the most important factors from the point of view. It is estimated by the amount of data that the network in the limit can transmit per unit of time from one device connected to it to another.

The speed of information transmission depends largely on the speed of its creation (source performance), encoding and decoding methods. The highest possible information transfer rate is called its bandwidth. Channel bandwidth, by definition, is

information transmission rate when using the "best" (optimal) for this source channel, encoder and decoder, so it characterizes only the channel.

5. In which units is the bandwidth of the channel transmission channels?

Can be measured in various, sometimes purely specialized, units - pieces, bits / sec, tons, cubic Metersetc.

6. Classification of computer communication channels (according to the encoding method, according to the communication method, according to the signal transmission method)

broadcast networks; Networks with the transfer from the node to the node.

7. Characteristics of cable information transfer channels (coaxial cable, twisted pair, telephone cable, fiber optic cable)

wired - telephone, telegraph (air) lines; Cable - copper twisted pairs, coaxial, fiber optic;

as well as on the basis of electromagnetic emissions:

ground and satellite radio channels; Based on infrared rays.

cables based on twisted (twisted) copper wires; coaxial cables (central livers and pitch of copper); Fiber optic cables.

Cables based on twisted pairs

Cables based on twisted pairs are used to transmit digital data, widespread applications received in computer networks. It is also possible to also use them for the transmission of analog signals. Cutting the wires reduces the effect of external interference on the beneficial signals and reduces the emitted electromagnetic oscillations into the external space. Shielding increases the cost of the cable, complicates the installation and requires high-quality grounding. In fig. Presented typical UTP design based on two twisted pairs.

Fig. Cable design with unprotected twisted pair.

Depending on the presence of protection - electrically grounded copper braid or aluminum foil around twisted pairs, determine the varieties of cables based on twisted pairs:

uTP unprotected twisted pair (unshielded twisted pair) - there is no protective screen around a separate pair;

folgized twisted pair pair (Foiled Twisted Pair) - There is one common external screen in the form of foil;

protected twisted pair of STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) - there is a protective screen for each pair and a common external screen in the form of a mesh;

foil shielded twisted pair S / FTP (Screed Foild Twisted Pair) - there is a protective screen for each pair in a foil braid and an external screen from a copper braid;

unprotected shielded twisted pair SF / UTP (Screed Foiled Unshieded Twisted Pair) - double external screen made of copper braid and foil, each twisted pair without protection.

1.5.2.2. Coaxial cable

Appointment of a coaxial cable - signal transmission in various fields of technology: communication systems; broadcast networks; computer networks; Antenna-feeder systems of communication equipment, etc. This type of cable has an asymmetrical design and consists of internal copper veins and braids separated from the vein layer of isolation.

The typical construct of the coaxial cable is presented in Fig.1.22.

Fig. 1.22. Typical construct of coaxial cable

Thanks to the metal shielding braid, it has a high noise immunity. The main advantage of coaxial over a twisted pair is a wide bandwidth band, which provides potentially higher compared to cables based on twisted data rate pairs, which make up to 500 Mbps. In addition, the coaxial provides significantly large permissible transmission distances (to a kilometer), it is more difficult to mechanically connect to unauthorized listening of the network, as well as it significantly less pollutes the environment with electromagnetic radiation. However, the installation and repair of the coaxial cable is more complicated than twisted pairs, and the cost is higher.

It uses conventional LED transceivers, which reduces the cost and increases the service life compared to a single-mode cable. Figure 1.24. The characteristic of the attenuation of signals in the fiber is shown. Compared to other types of cables used for communication lines, this type of cable has significantly lower signal attenuation, which are usually between 0.2 to 5 dB per 1000 m length. Multimode fiber is characterized by the windows of the attenuation transparency in the wavelength ranges of 380-850, 850-1310 (nm), and the one-time, respectively, 850-1310, 1310-1550 (NM).

Figure 1.24. Transparency windows wholesale fiber.

Advantages of fiber optic communication type:

Wide bandwidth.

Due to the extremely high frequency of carrier oscillation. When applying the technology of spectral sealing communication channels by the method of wave

multiplexing in 2009 G signals 155 communication channels with a transmission rate of 100 Gbit / s each managed to transfer to a distance of 7000 kilometers. Thus, the total data transfer rate for fiber fiber was 15.5 Tbit / s. (Tera \u003d 1000 giga);

Small attenuation of the light signal in the fiber.

Allows you to build fiber-optic communication lines of long length without intermediate signal amplification;

Low noise levels in fiber optic cable.

Allows you to increase the bandwidth by transferring different modulation of signals with low code redundancy;

High noise immunity and protection against unauthorized access.

It is ensured by the absolute protected function of fiberboard from electrical interference, tipping and complete lack of radiation into an external environment. This is explained by the nature of light oscillation, which does not interact with the electromagnetic fields of other frequency ranges, as well as the whole fiber itself, which is a dielectric. Using a series of properties of light propagation in the fiber, the optical communication integrity monitoring system can instantly disable the "cracked" communication channel and submit an alarm. Such systems are particularly necessary when creating communication lines in government, banking and some other special services that have improved data protection requirements;

The lack of the necessary electroplating junction of network nodes.

Fiber optic networks will not fundamentally have electric "land" loops that occur when two network devices have grounding at different points of the building;

 High explosive and fire safety, resistance to aggressive media.

Due to the absence of sparking opportunities, fiber opens the safety of the network on chemical, refineries, when servicing technological processes of increased risk;

 Small weight, volume, economy of fiber optic cable.

The fiber base is quartz (silicon dioxide), which is widespread inexpensive material. Currently, the cost of the fiber in relation to the copper pair correlates as 2: 5. The cost of the fiber optic cable itself is constantly decreasing, however, the use of special optical receivers and transmitters (fiber optic modems) transforming light signals into electrical and back, significantly increases the cost of the network as a whole;

 Long service life.

The service life of fiber is at least 25 years. The fiber optic cable has some drawbacks. The main of them is the high complexity of installation. When connecting the ends of the cable, it is necessary to ensure the high accuracy of the transverse slice of fiberglass, subsequent polishing of the cut and the center of fiberglass when installing in the connector. Installing the connectors is made using a joint welding or gluing using a special gel having the same refractive index of light as fiberglass. In any case, this requires high personnel qualifications and special tools. In addition, the fiber optic cable is less durable and less flexible than electrical, sensitive to mechanical effects. It is also sensitive to ionizing radiation, due to which the transparency of fiberglass decreases, that is, the attenuation of the signal in the cable increases. Consistent temperature differences can lead to crackling fiberglass. To reduce the influence of these factors, various design solutions are used, which affects the cost of the cable.

Given the unique properties of fiber optic equipment based on it, it is becoming more and more used in all areas of technology. These are computer networks, urban, regional, federal, as well as intercontinental underwater primary communication networks and a lot of others. With the help of fiber optic communication channels, cable television, remote video surveillance, video conferencing and video broadcasting, telemetry and other information systems.

8. Characteristics of the wireless channel transmission channels (satellite,

radio channels, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth)

Wireless technology- Subclass information technologies, serve to transfer information to the distance between two or more points, without requiring connection with their wires. For information transfer can be usedinfrared radiation, radio waves, optical or laser radiation.

Currently, there are many wireless technologies, most frequently known users for their marketing names, such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth. Each technology has certain characteristics that determine its scope.

There are various approaches to the classification of wireless technologies.

By range:

o. Wireless personal networks (WPAN - Wireless Personal Area Networks). Examples of technology - Bluetooth.

o. Wireless Local Networks (WLAN - Wireless Local Area Networks).

Examples of technologies - Wi-Fi.

o. Wireless networks of the city (WMAN - Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks). Examples of technologies - WiMAX.

o. Wireless global networks (WWAN - Wireless Wide Area Network).

Examples of technologies - CSD, GPRS, EDGE, EV-DO, HSPA.

Topology:

o "point-to-point".

o "point-multipoint".

In terms of application:

o Corporate (departmental) wireless networks - created by companies for their own needs.

o. Operator wireless networks - created by telecom operators for compensated service provision.

A short, but the capacious way to classify can be the simultaneous display of the two most essential characteristics of wireless technologies on two axes: the maximum speed of information transfer and the maximum distance.

Tasks Task 1. For 10 seconds, 500 bytes of information was transmitted. What is equal to

channel bandwidth? (500/10 \u003d 50 bytes / s \u003d 400bit / s)

Task 2. What amount of information can be transferred through a channel with a capacity of 10 kbps / s in 1 minute? (10 kbps * 60 C \u003d 600 kbps)

Task 3. The average data transfer rate using the modem is equal to 36864 bits / s. How many seconds will need a modem to transfer 4 text pages in KOO-8 encoding, if you assume that on each page on average 2304 characters.

Solution: Number of characters in the text: 2304 * 4 \u003d 9216 characters.

In the encoding KOO-8, each character is encoded by one byte, then the information volume of the text 9216 * 8 \u003d 73,728 bits.

Time \u003d volume / speed. 73728: 36864 \u003d 2 s

With the course of technical progress expanded the possibilities of the Internet. However, in order for the user to use them to fully, a stable and high-speed connection is necessary. First of all, it depends on the bandwidth of communication channels. Therefore, it is necessary to find out how to measure the data transfer rate and which factors affect it.

What is the bandwidth of communication channels?

In order to familiarize yourself and understand the new term, you need to know what is a communication channel. If we speak in a simple language, communication channels are devices and means, thanks to which the transmission is carried out at a distance. For example, communication between computers is carried out thanks to fiber optic and cable networks. In addition, a communication method for radio channel is distributed (computer connected to the modem or Wi-Fi network).

The skipping capacity is called the maximum information transfer rate for one specific time unit.

Usually, the following units are used to designate bandwidth:

Measuring throughput

Measuring bandwidth is a fairly important operation. It is carried out in order to find out the exact speed of the Internet connection. Measurement can be implemented using the following actions:

• The simplest is the loading file and send it to another end. The disadvantage is that it is impossible to determine the accuracy of the measurement.
• In addition, you can use the Speedtest.net resource. The service allows you to measure the width of the Internet channel, the "master" to the server. However, for a holistic measurement, this method is also not suitable, the service gives data about the entire line to the server, and not about a specific communication channel. In addition, the object being subjected to the object does not have access to the global Internet.
• The optimal measurement solution will be the iPerf client-server utility. It allows you to measure the time, the number of transmitted data. After the operation is completed, the program provides the user to the user.

Thanks to the above methods, you can measure the actual speed of the Internet connection without any particular problems. If the readings do not satisfy current needs, then it may be necessary to think about changing the provider.

Calculation of bandwidth

In order to find and calculate the bandwidth of the communication line, it is necessary to use the Channon-Hartley theorem. It says: find the bandwidth of the communication channel (lines) by calculating the mutual relationship between the potential bandwidth, as well as the bandwidth of the communication line. The formula for calculating bandwidth is as follows:

I \u003d Glog 2 (1 + A S / A n).

In this formula, each element has its meaning:

• I. - denotes the maximum bandwidth parameter.
• G. - The bandwidth parameter intended for transmitting the signal.
• A S./ A N. - The ratio of noise and signal.

The Channon-Hartley Theorem allows you to say that to reduce external noise or increase the signal strength is best used a wide data cable.

Methods of signal transmission

To date, there are three main ways to transmit a signal between computers:

• Transferring radio networks.
• Transmission of data on cable.
• Data transmission through fiber optic connections.

Each of these methods has the individual characteristics of communication channels, which will be discussed below.

The advantages of transferring information through radio channels include: universality of use, ease of installation and configuration of such equipment. As a rule, a radio transmitter is used to obtain and method. It can be a modem for a computer or a Wi-Fi adapter.

The disadvantages of such a transmission method can be called an unstable and relatively low speed, greater dependence on the availability of radio hazards, as well as the high cost of use (mobile Internet is almost twice as expensive than the "stationary").

Proms of data transmission over the cable are: reliability, ease of operation and maintenance. Information is transmitted by electrical current. Conditionally speaking, the current is moved under a certain voltage from point A to point B. and later converted to information. Wires perfectly withstand temperature changes, flexion and mechanical impact. The minuses include unstable speed, as well as deterioration of the connection due to rain or thunderstorms.

Perhaps the most perfect data transmission technology is the use of fiber optic cable. Millions of smallest glass tubes are used in the communication channels of communication channels. And the signal transmitted over them is a light pulse. Since the speed of light is several times higher than the current speed, this technology allowed a few hundred times to speed up the Internet connection.

The disadvantages include the fragility of fiber optic cables. First, they do not withstand mechanical damage: the broken tubes cannot pass through themselves the light signal, also sharp temperature differences lead to their cracking. Well, an increased radiation background makes the tubes with muddy - because of this, the signal can deteriorate. In addition, the fiber optic cable is hard to restore in case of rupture, so it has to change it completely.

The foregoing suggests that over time, communication channels and communication channels are improved, which leads to an increase in the data transfer rate.

Average communication lines throughput

From the foregoing, it can be concluded that communication channels are different in their properties that affect the speed of information transfer. As mentioned earlier, communication channels can be wired, wireless and based on the use of fiber optic cables. The latter type of data transfer networks is most effective. And its average communication channel bandwidth is 100 Mbps.

What is bits? How is the speed in the bits?

Bit speed - indicator of measuring the speed of the connection. Calculated in bits, the smallest information storage units, for 1 second. It was inherent in the communication channels in the Early Development Epoch of the Internet: at that time, text files were mainly transmitted in the global web.

Now the basic unit of measurement is recognized as 1 byte. He, in turn, is 8 bits. Beginner users often make a rough mistake: confused kilobits and kilobytes. From here there is a bewilderment when the channel with a bandwidth of 512 Kbps does not justify expectations and gives the speed of only 64 kb / s. To not be confused, you need to remember that if bits are used to indicate the speed, the entry will be made without abbreviations: bit / s, kbps, kbit / s or kbps.

Factors affecting the speed of the Internet

As you know, the end speed of the Internet also depends on the communication channel bandwidth. Also, the speed of information is influenced by:

• Connection methods.

Radio waves, cables and fiber optic cables. On properties, advantages and disadvantages of these methods of compounds mentioned above.

• Server workload.

The more the server is loaded, the slower it accepts or transmits files and signals.

• External interference.

Most strongly interference is influenced by the connection created by radio waves. This is caused by cell phones, radio receivers and other radio transmitters and radio transmitters.

• Status of network equipment.

Of course, the connection methods, the state of servers and the presence of interference play an important role in providing high-speed Internet. However, even if the above indicators are normal, and the Internet has a low speed, then it is hidden in the network equipment of the computer. Modern network cards are able to support Internet connection at a speed of up to 100 Mbps per second. Previously, the cards could maximize bandwidth of 30 and 50 Mbps per second, respectively.

How to increase the speed of the Internet?

As mentioned earlier, the bandwidth of the communication channel depends on many factors: the method of connection, server performance, noise and interference, as well as the state of network equipment. To increase the speed of connection in living conditions, you can replace network equipment to a more perfect, as well as go to another connection method (with radio waves per cable or fiberboard).

Finally

As a summary of the results, it is worth saying that the bandwidth of the communication channel and the speed of the Internet is not the same. To calculate the first magnitude, it is necessary to use the Channon-Hartley law. According to him, noise can be reduced, as well as increase the power of the signal by replacing the transmission channel to a wider.

An increase in the speed of the Internet connection is also possible. But it is carried out by changing the provider, replacing the method of connecting, improving network equipment, as well as device fencing for transmitting and receiving information from sources that cause interference.