Charging the battery scheme and principle of operation. Charger. Types and work. Application and how to choose how batter chargers work

Chargers are designed to replenish electricity loss with batteries. The principle of batteries is a reversible chemical reaction.

The return of electrical energy with the battery must then be compensated by charging to restore the initial capacity. The charger function is precisely in the restoration of the battery capacity.

There are many methods for charging batteries. Some of them are implemented very simply and have a minimal cost. Some models control the battery charging process using an integrated microcontroller and implement complex algorithm Charging process.

In general terms, the charge principle consists in supplying voltage, which exceeds the value of the EMF of the discharged battery. In accordance with this, such basic battery charge techniques can be distinguished:

constant current;
constant voltage;
combined methods.

Regardless of the method, the main characteristics of the charging devices are as follows:

maximum charge current;
the output voltage value.

Universal chargers

Immediately need to warn - there are no completely universal charging devices and most likely will never exist.

With a certain stretch, some types can be attributed to universal, but this is only if you do not pay attention to some deviations from recommended parameters. Next, the justice of this approval will be considered.

First of all, you need to know that different types of batteries have different stresses and capacity, and if we consider that the batteries are usually collected in batteries, then this difference between these parameters increases repeatedly.

Different types of batteries require an individual approach to the charge process.

Initially, the first types of batteries - lead-acid, demanded a charging of a constant current during the entire charging time (approximately 8-12 hours). Alkaline charged in the same way, but other current values.

This technique is simple, but there was a serious disadvantage - at the end of the charge there was an intensive gas division from electrolyte (boiling), which required permanent control over the charging process, especially at its end.

The charge is free from the specified disadvantage, but requires a longer time. It is used mainly to restore batteries that have lost initial capacity for various reasons.

More advanced models use a combined technique. At the beginning of the charge, the battery is charged with a nominal charge current, and when the voltage on its terminals will reach the level close to the maximum value, the voltage at the output of the charger is reduced to such an extent that it only slightly exceeded the battery voltage.

The charge current is dropped and the battery continues to charge with minimal current. Thus, the boiling of electrolyte does not occur, and the charge time only slightly exceeds the time at constant current.

The first two types can be called universal with respect to starter batteries of cars. Such devices are still widespread, especially among lovers, due to simplicity, reliability and minimum cost.

Improving the technology of manufacturing batteries led, on the one hand, to an increase in the specific capacity, and on the other hand, increased the requirements for the parameters of the equipment for their recharging.

Now production rechargeable batteries different types is engaged in a huge number of manufacturers, but most of them do not lay out in open access The necessary charge technology, which is optimal for a specific battery model.

Therefore, consumers have to either acquire an expensive branded product, or select inexpensive, suitable for the averaged parameters of accumulatory batteries of comparable production technologies.

Manufacturers of mobile phones and other small gadgets went to another. Charge control is carried out by a microcontroller embedded in "Charging", as well as directly into the battery directly.

Such an approach led to the appearance of truly universal charging devices that are equally suitable for charging any batteries that meet the Unified Standard.

The most vivid example is smartphones, tablets running android. All these gadgets have an input for recharging, made according to the Micro USB standard.

A separate class of products for automotive batteries is allowed charging device. As the name implies, they can provide a start of a car, and powerful devices are able to do it even without battery.

As you know, starter starter, especially in winter time On the frozen engine, reaches a few hundred amps. Thus, the output parameters of the commissioning device are very close to the characteristics of welding machines.

Dimensions and weight of a start-charger with traditional, transformer nutrition Great, but when using an inverter method of energy conversion decrease many times.

Automatic charger

Simplify the charge process can use automatic charger. The simplest charging machines control the voltage at the terminals of the battery and stop the charge process when a certain value is reached.

The disadvantage of such devices is that the battery does not pick up a complete container or, on the contrary, the reload occurs.

And the other option leads to a reduction in the battery life.

More advanced executions when the threshold voltage is reached, the battery charge is translated into the buffer mode when the output current is only slightly exceeds the battery self-discharger current. Such chargers can be left for a long time unattended without risk damage the charged battery.

A certain type of devices allows not only to charge the batteries, but in some way to restore the lost container. In this case, the charge process alternates with the gaps of zero charging current or with a small discharge.

This training technique shows satisfactory results when recovering lead-acid batteries due to reducing the effect of plate sulfate.

Chargers for small batteries and batteries today also in the overwhelming case operate automatically.

This became possible, thanks to the built-in microcontroller, which not only automates the charging process, but also produces it according to a specially mortgaged algorithm. Such products usually produce battery manufacturers, so they are optimal for a certain type of batteries.

Frequent short trips with constant start-up cycles and engine stops make a very difficult operation of a charged battery, especially in winter, when the stove, headlights, various kinds of heating are working: windows, mirrors, seats, steering wheel, etc. All this is because the last is very voracious, and strongly discharge it, while the generator simply does not have time to charge the battery, and the starter starting the engine puts the last point, especially if it is used too often, and does not leave almost no Chances of such a discharged battery survive in such a small private world of voracious consumers. This is, of course, exaggerate! Nevertheless, in the winter (but also in the summer too) there is a big risk that one day the battery simply does not have enough strength, to put the machine the most voracious to electricity once again - the starter, and the car will not start, with the result that you have to have it " Givery. "

But such cases can be avoided if you have a special battery charger - a relatively cheap, but very useful accessory that allows you to replenish what the battery does not get from the generator - to charge it. But how does the charger charge the battery?

This is what the typical battery charger looks like.

In fact, everything is very simple - it uses electricity from the socket to charge the battery using a positive and negative conclusions that are joined by the corresponding battery terminals, chargeing it. The average car battery has a capacity of about 48 amps / hours (and h), and this means that a fully charged battery provides 1 ampere current for 48 hours, 2 amps for 24 hours, 8 amps for 6 hours and so on. And the work of the charger is to transfer the battery to the storage of these amps so that he subsequently gave them to the components of our car.

Typically, the charger charges the battery at 2 amps, respectively, the same battery is charged within 24 hours to ensure the 48 ampere-free supplied to it. full charge battery. But there is also a wide range of chargers with different adjustable charge rates on the market - from 2 to 10 amps. The higher the charge, the faster battery charges. Fast charge, however, most often undesirable, as it may simply burn the battery plate (you know what kind of plates, if read).

Loads that are imposed on the battery can be determined by the number of current used in various electrical components of the machine: for example, the headlights with the close-up light are consumed an average of 8 to 10 amps, and heated rear glass Approximately the same.

Theoretically, a fully charged battery, without taking current from the generator, should turn the starter for about 10 minutes, ensure the work of the headlights for eight hours, and the heating of the rear window for 12 hours. However, as the battery is discharged, this time drops significantly.

The average domestic battery charger includes a transformer and a rectifier that allow you to change 220 volts. alternating current From the rosette of 12 volts of DC, and also allow the power supply to provide charging at such a speed, which is determined by the battery itself. In the case when the battery is still quite new, the charger can increase current strength up to 3-6 amps, and thus such a battery is charged much faster. But the battery that his worked, simply will not keep the charge at all and therefore will not even accept charging from s / y.

So how to charge the battery - instruction in order

First of all, the battery must be removed from the car, disconnecting 2 wires with negative and positive charge From the corresponding battery terminals (you can charge the battery and directly on the site under the hood, the main thing is to disconnect the car wires from the terminals, otherwise you can lose the generator). Make sure that all electrical appliances in the car are turned off (including the ignition key turns to the "OFF" position when no light bulb on dashing paeneni is lit and the radio does not work) - otherwise, when removing and subsequently connected the charged battery with wires Car food, the contact site will be strongly spoken.

After removal, clean the contacts of the battery and wire terminals for better contact.

Connecting a charger

Before charging the battery, always check the electrolyte level by means of a special dimensional window on the battery. If necessary, framed the electrolyte and clean and wipe the battery terminals.

Preferably, in addition to the charger, also have such a device as an areaometer - a special uncomplicated device for measuring the density of electrolyte. So you can determine when the battery charges (the electrolyte will stop changing its density), although, most likely, your charger will show you when the battery is fully charged.

In most batteries, special ventilation holes with covers covering them are installed for charging process. These covers are desirable to remove before charging.

Set the clamp (or any other method of fastening the charger wire to the battery terminals) of the positive (+) wires from the charger - it is usually painted in red - on a positive battery terminal - it is usually noticeable more than negative. In the same way, connect the negative wire with the negative terminal.

Connect the charger to the network and turn it on. Indicator or sensor (ammeter) will show that the battery on this moment Charged. The sensor first can show high charge speed, but it must gradually fall in the process until the battery is charging. If you do not automatically change the current strength on your charger, then you need to install it manually - its maximum value should be 10% of its nominal capacity, and the optimum for charging is 5% - so, with the capacity of the battery 60 A, the current / y When charging should be put up in 3 amps, and if this value is exhibited exceeding 6 amps, it will more likely damage the battery. Remember that the lower the power of the current, the longer the battery will be charged, but the longer it will be the life of its service with periodic charging cycles of the discharge.

How is the battery charging? Is the diagram of this device is complex or not, in order to make the device with your own hands? Is it possible to fundamentally from what is used for mobile phones? We will try to answer all the questions in the article.

General

The battery plays a very important role in the functioning of devices, aggregates and mechanisms, for which electricity is necessary. So, in vehicles, it helps run the engine engine. And in mobile phone batteries allow us to make calls.

Battery charging, scheme and work principles this device Considered even in the school course of physics. But, alas, for the release, many of these knowledge have time to forget. Therefore, we have a rush to recall that the work of the battery is based on the principle of voltage difference (potentials) between two plates, which are specifically immersed in the electrolyte solution.

The first batteries were copper-zinc. But since that time, they have improved significantly and modernized.

How the battery is arranged

The only visible element of any device is the case. It provides the commonality and integrity of the design. It should be noted that the name "battery" can be fully applied only to one cell of the battery (they are also called banks), and the same standard automotive battery is 12 in their only six.

Return to the case. It is put forward harsh requirements. So, he should be:

resistant to aggressive chemical reagents;
able to transfer significant temperature fluctuations;
with good vibration resistance indicators.

All these requirements are responsible for modern synthetic material - polypropylene. More detailed differences should be allocated only when working with specific samples.

Principle of operation

As an example, we consider lead acid batteries.

When there is a load on the terminal, a chemical reaction begins to occur, which is accompanied by the release of electricity. Over time, the battery will be discharged. And how is it restored? Is there a simple scheme?

Charging the battery is not something complicated. It is necessary to carry out the reverse process - electricity is supplied to the terminals, chemical reactions are again occurred (net lead is restored), which will allow the battery in the future.

Also during charging there is an increase in the density of the electrolyte. Thus, the battery restores its initial properties. The better the technology and materials that were used in the manufacture, the greater the charge / discharge cycles can withstand the battery.

What electrical battery charging schemes exist

The classic device is made of rectifier and transformer. If we consider all the same car battery With a voltage of 12 V, the charge for them have a constant current of about 14 V.

Why? Such tension is necessary in order for the current to go through a discharged car battery. If he himself has 12 V, then the device of the same power can not help him, so they take higher values. But in everything you need to know the measure: if the voltage is too high, it will pernicably affect the service life of the device.

So if you wish to make the device with your own hands, you need to search for cars suitable schemes Charging automotive batteries. The same applies to other techniques. If the charging scheme is needed, then the device is 32 V and no more.

Recovery process

Suppose you have a battery charging scheme from the generator for which the device was collected. The battery is connected and the recovery process begins immediately. As it flows, the device will grow. Together with him will fall a charging current.

When the voltage approaches the highest possible value, then this process does not proceed at all. And this suggests that the device has been successfully charged and it can be turned off.

It is necessary to ensure that the current of the battery is only 10% of its container. Moreover, it is not recommended to exceed this indicator, nor reduce it. So, if you go to the first way, the electrolyte will begin to evaporate, which will significantly affect maximum capacity And battery operation time. In the second way, the necessary processes will not occur in the required intensity, which is why negative processes will continue, although in a slightly lower.

Charging

The described device can be bought or collect your own hands. For the second option, we will need electrical circuits Charging batteries. The choice of technology on which it will be done should occur depending on which batteries are targeted. Supports such components:

(constructed on ballast capacitors and transformer). The larger indicator it will be possible to achieve, the more significant the current will be. In general, charging it should be enough for charging. But the reliability of this device is very low. So, if you break contacts or confuse something, then the transformer, and the capacitors fail.
Protection in case of connection "not those" poles. To do this, you can construct the relay. So, the conditional label is based on the diode. If you are confused plus and minus, then it will not pass the current. And since it is tied with a relay, it will be de-energized. Moreover, use this schema It is possible with a device based on thyristors, and transistors. It is necessary to connect it to the rupture of the wires, with which the charging itself is connected to the battery.
Automation to have battery charging. The scheme in this case should ensure that the device will work only when there is a need for this. To do this, with the help of resistors, the threshold for the operation of the controlling diode is changing. It is believed that batteries at 12 V are completely when their voltage is within 12.8 V. Therefore, this indicator is desired for this scheme.

Conclusion

So we looked at what is charging the battery. The diagram of this device can be performed on the same board, but it should be noted that it is quite difficult. Therefore, they are made multi-layered.

As part of the article, you were presented with various schemeswhich make it possible to understand how, in fact, batteries are charging. But it is necessary to understand that these are only common images, and more detailed, having directed chemical reactions, are special for each type of battery.

Problems with batteries - not such a rare phenomenon. To restore performance, a refreshment is necessary, but a normal charge is worth a decent money, and you can make it from the girlish "trash". The most important thing is to find a transformer with necessary characteristics, And make a charger for the car battery with your own hands - it's literally a pair of hours (if you have all the necessary parts).

The battery charge process should be held according to certain rules. Moreover, the charge process depends on the type of battery. Violations of these rules leads to a decrease in capacity and life. Therefore, the parameters of the charger for the automotive battery are selected for each specific case. Such an opportunity provides a complex memory with adjustable parameters or purchased specifically for this battery. There is a more practical option - make a charger for a car battery with your own hands. To know which parameters should be a bit of theory.

Types of chargers for rechargeable batteries

Battery charge is the process of recovery of consumed capacity. To do this, on the battery terminals, a voltage is fed, slightly exceeding the performance of the AB. Serve may:

D.C. The charge time is at least 10 hours, a fixed current is supplied for all time, the voltage varies from 13.8-14.4 V at the beginning of the process to 12.8 V at the very end. With this form, the charge accumulates gradually, keeps longer. The disadvantage of this method - it is necessary to control the process, in time to turn off the charger, since when reloading the electrolyte can boil, which will significantly reduce its operation.
Constant pressure. When charging a constant voltage, the stress of 14.4 V, and the current varies from large values \u200b\u200bin the first charge hours, to very small - in the latter. Therefore, the rearness of the AB will not (unless you leave it for a few days). The positive moment of this method is the charge time decreases (90-95% can be dialing for 7-8 hours) and the chargeable battery can be left unattended. But such an "emergency" charge recovery mode does not affect the service life. With frequent use, constant voltage can be discharged faster.

In general, if there is no need to rush, it is better to use a constant current charge. If you need to restore the battery efficiency in a short time - apply constant pressure. If we talk about what better to make a charger for a car battery do it yourself, the answer is unequivocal - feed d.C.. Schemes will be simple, consisting of available elements.

How to determine the desired parameters when charging a constant current

Experimentally found that charge car lead acid batteries (their majority) need current, which does not exceed 10% of battery capacity. If the capacity of the charged AB 55 A / h, the maximum charge current will be 5.5 A; With a capacity of 70 A / h - 7 A, etc. In this case, you can put a little smaller current. The charge will go, but slower. It will accumulate even if the charge current is 0.1 A. Just to restore the capacity will require a lot of time.

Since the calculations assume that the charge current is 10%, we get the minimum charge time - 10 hours. But it is with the full discharge of the battery, and it is impossible to allow it. Because the actual charge time depends on the "depth" of the discharge. It is possible to determine the depth of the discharge by measuring the voltage on the AB before the start of the charge:

To calculate approximate charge time, It is necessary to know the difference between the maximum charge of the battery (12.8 V) and its current voltage. Multiplying the figure for 10 get time in the clock. For example, the voltage on the battery before charge 11.9 V. Find a difference: 12.8 V - 11.9 V \u003d 0.8 V. Multiplying this figure by 10, we get that the charge time will be about 8 hours. This is provided that we will feed the current, which is 10% of the battery capacity.

Charger Schemes for Auto Ab

To charge batteries, the household network 220 V is usually used, which is converted to a reduced voltage using the converter.

Simple schemes

The simplest I. effective method - Use a downstream transformer. It is he who lowers 220 V to the required 13-15 V. Such transformers can be found in old tube TVs (TS-180-2), computer blocks Food, found on the "collapse" of the flea market.

But at the output of the transformer, the variable voltage is obtained, which must be straightened. Do it with:

The reduced schemes also present fuses (1 A) and measuring instruments. They make it possible to control the charge process. They can be excluded from the scheme, but will have to be periodically used to control the multimeter. With voltage control, it is still tolerant (simply postpone the probe terminals), then control the current is difficult - in this mode, the measuring instrument is included in the chain break. That is, we will have to turn off the power every time, put the multimeter in the current measurement mode, turn on the power. Disassemble the measuring chain in the reverse order. Therefore, the use of at least an ammeter is 10 A - very desirable.

The disadvantages of these schemes are obvious - it is not possible to adjust the charge parameters. That is, when selecting an element database, select the parameters so that at the output of the current the current the most 10% of the capacity of your battery (or slightly less). Voltage You know - preferably in the range of 13.2-14.4 V. What should I do if the current is more desirable? Add a resistor to the schema. It is put on the positive outlet of the diode bridge in front of the ammeter. The resistance is selecting "at the place", focusing on the current, the power of the resistor is more, as an excess charge (10-20 W or so) will be scattered.

And one more point: the charger for the car battery with its own hands, made according to these schemes, most likely will be very hot. Therefore, it is desirable to add a kuller. It can be inserted into the diagram after a diode bridge.

Schemes with the ability to adjust

As already spoke, the lack of all these schemes is in the impossibility of adjusting the current. The only way is to change resistance. By the way, you can put a variable trimming resistor. It will be the easiest way out. But manual adjustment of the current in the diagram with two transistors and a trim resistor is more reliable.

The charge current changes variable resistor. It is already after the compulsory transistor VT1-VT2, so that the current flows through it small. Therefore, the power can be about 0.5-1 W. Its nominal depends on the selected transistors, is selected by experimental pathway (1-4.7 com).

Transformer with a capacity of 250-500 W, secondary winding 15-17 V. Diode bridge Collect on diodes with a working current 5a and above.

The transistor VT1 - P210, VT2 is selected from several options: Germany P13 - P17; Silicon KT814, CT 816. To remove heat to install on a metal plate or radiator (at least 300 cm2).

Fuses: at the entrance of PR1 - by 1 A, at the OP2 output - on 5 A. Also in the circuit there are signaling lamps - the presence of 220 V (Hi1) voltage and charge current (Hi2). Here you can put any lamps for 24 V (including LEDs).

Video on the topic

Charger for the car battery do-it-yourself - a popular topic for car enthusiasts. From where only transformers do not remove - from the power supplies, microwaves .. even wind themselves. Schemes are not fulfilled. So, even without skills in electrical engineering, you can cope on your own.

Interestingly, what is the charger (power supply) of Siemens and whether it is possible to fix it alone in the event of a breakdown.

To start the block you need to disassemble. Judging by the seams on the case, this unit is not intended for disassembly, hence the thing is disposable and large hopes in the event of a breakdown can not be placed.

I had to get the charger body in the literal sense, it consists of two tightly glued parts.

Inside the primitive fee and several parts. Interestingly, the fee is not soldered to a 220V fork., And attached to it with a pair of contacts. In rare cases, these contacts may oxidize and lose contact, and you think that the block broke. But the thickness of the wires going to the connector on mobile phone, pleasantly pleased, do not often meet in one-time devices normal wire, usually it is so thin that even touching it is scary).

On the back of the board turned out to be a few details, the scheme was not so simple, but still it is not so complicated, so as not to repair it on its own.

Below in the photo contacts of the granddaughter of the case.

In the charger diagram there is no lowering transformer, a regular resistor plays his role. Further, as usual, a couple of straightening diodes, a pair of capacitors for straightening the current, after the throttle is going on and finally the stabilion with the capacitor is completed with the chain and remove the reduced voltage to the wire with the connector to the mobile phone.

In the connector only two contacts.