The concept of " Cloud technologies»

Cloud technologies - these are data processing technologies in which computer resources Internet is provided to the user as online service. The word "cloud" is present here as a metaphor that personifies the complex infrastructure that hides behind all the technical details.

Cloud (multiple) Calculations (English Cloud Computing, the term cloud (scattered) data processing is also used) -Echnology of data processing, in which computer resources and power are provided to the user as the Internet service. The user has access to his own data, but cannot manage and should not take care of the infrastructure, operating system And the actual software with which it works. The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor based on the internet image in the diagram computer networkor as an image of a complex infrastructure, behind which all technical details are hidden. According to the IEEE document published in 2008, "cloud data processing is a paradigm, within which information is constantly stored on the Internet servers and temporarily cache on the client side, for example, personal computers, gaming consoles, laptops, smartphones, etc.. "

Cloud data processing as a concept includes concepts:

• 1) infrastructure as a service
• 2) platform as a service
• 3) Software as a service
• 4) data as a service
• 5) workplace As a service

and other technological trends that are common in which the confidence is that the Internet is able to meet the needs of users in data processing.

For cloud technologies itself the main feature It is the unevenness of the request for Internet resources from users. To smooth this unevenness and applies another intermediate layer - server Virtualization . Thus, the load is distributed between virtual servers and computers.

Cloud technologies - This is one big concept that includes many different concepts providing services. For example, software, infrastructure, platform, data, workplace, etc. Why is it all necessary? Samoa the main function Cloud Technology is to meet the needs of users who need remote data processing.

What do not consider cloud computing? First, it is autonomous computing on local computer. Secondly, it is "utility computing" (UtilityComputing) when the service of execution of particularly complex computing or storage of data arrays is ordered. Thirdly, these are collective (distributed) calculations (gridcomputing). In practice, the boundaries between all these types of calculations are quite blurred. However, the future cloud computing Yet significantly larger than utility and distributed systems.

Cloudy data warehouse (eng.CloudStorage) - Model of online store in which the data is stored on numerous allocated servers distributed to customers, mainly a third party. As opposed to the storage model on its own dedicated servers, purchased or rented specifically for such purposes, the number or any internal structure of servers to the client, in general, is not visible. The data is stored, as well as processed, in the so-called cloud, which is, from the client's point of view, one large virtual server. Physically, such servers can be located remotely from each other geographically, up to the location on different continents.

In order to understand what the "cloud" is worth starting with the history of this issue. It is necessary to understand: whether this technology is really in the category of new ideas or this idea is not so nov.

The definition of cloud computing at first glance is very confusing: this is a model for providing a widespread and convenient network access To the shared pool of configurable computing resources (for example, servers, applications, networks, storage systems and services), which can be quickly provided and exempted with minimal efforts to manage and need to interact with the provider.

In order to better imagine what cloud computing is, you can bring a simple example: Previously, the user for access to email resorted to a specific software (messengers and programs) installed on his PC, now it just goes to the site of that company whose services Email him like, directly through the browser, without using intermediaries.

But this example is more suitable for private clouds. We are also interested in these technology in business. Modern implementation began since 2006. Then, Amazon introduced its web services infrastructure, not only providing hosting, but also providing the client remote computing power.

Three models of "clouds"

Recall that there are three model of cloud computing:

Software as a service (SaaS, Software AS A SERVISE). The consumer is provided software - Provider applications performed on cloud infrastructure.

Platform as a service (PAAS, Platform AS A SERVICE). The consumer provides means for deploying on the cloud infrastructure created by the consumer or purchased applications developed using the tools supported by the provider and programming languages.

Infrastructure as a service (IaAs, Infrastructure AS A SERVICE). The consumer provides data processing, storage, networks, networks and other basic computing resources, on which the consumer can deploy and perform arbitrary software, including operating systems and applications.

Advantages of cloud services

Last year, the cumulative volume of the global market in the field of cloud technologies amounted to about $ 40 billion. Some experts predict that by 2020 this figure will reach $ 240 billion. Russia on the implementation of Cloud Computing into business ranks 34th place with an indicator of $ 250 million.

Several advantages associated with the use of cloud technologies.

Availability. Access to information stored on the cloud can get anyone who has a computer, tablet, any mobile device connected to the Internet. This implies the following advantage.

Mobility. The user has no permanent attachment to one workplace. From anywhere in the world, managers can receive statements, and leaders are followed by production.

Efficiency. One of the important advantages is called reduced cost. The user does not need to buy expensive, large computers and software computers, as well as it is exempt from the need to hire a specialist for servicing local IT technologies.

Rennity. The user receives the necessary service package only at the moment when he needs him, and pays, actually, only for the number of acquired functions.

Flexibility. All necessary resources are provided by the provider automatically.

High manufacturability. Large computing power facilities that are available to the user who can be used to store, analyze and process data.

Reliability. Some experts argue that the reliability that modern cloud computing provides is much higher than the reliability of local resources, arguing that little enterprises can afford to acquire and maintain a full-fledged data center.

Google Apps. For business allocates the same advantages, only adds that when using their cloud computing a company protects environmentexplaining this by the fact that the services of the Apps work on the basis of processing centers google dataThe ultra-low power consumption, therefore, carbon resistance and energy consumption are significantly lower when using local servers.

How much does it all cost?

Google Apps for business, according to the company, $ 5 per user per month, with free space on a 5 GB cloud disk (if desired, you can buy from 20 GB to 16 TB at a price of $ 4 to $ 1430 per month, respectively).

Also, the user can purchase Google Apps with a safe for $ 10 per month, which includes a standard package of services plus archiving of important commercial data, data collection for judicial needs, searching and exporting any corporate data. The provision of domains is for a separate cost. It is worth noting that the user is considered one electronic box.

Microsoft also fights for its share in the cloud computing area. Their foundation is Office 365. It focuses on a comprehensive CRM solution, claiming that Microsoft Dinamics CRM includes marketing, sales management, customer service. That is, with this feature, it is possible to solve the spectrum of the relationship management tasks, starting with the attraction of customers and ending with cross-sales.

"Smart" analysis, role-playing interface and high mobility are also allocated.

In the acquisition of Office 365, several options are offered: Office Professional Plus 2010 tariff - 555 rubles. a month from the user. Subsequent tariffs - cost 250, 300, 525 and 750 rubles. per month for each user, respectively. By the way, Office 365 can be enabled for free.

Despite all the positive feedback, there is also a certain criticism addressed to cloud technologies.

The main criticism is that when using virtual software, information automatically falls into the hands of the developer of this software. So Richard Stallman says, the founder of the movement of free software.

The problem of data integration is allocated both with internal corporate and cloud services of other suppliers.

Experts point to the problem of uncontrollable data: the information left by the user will be kept for years without his knowledge or he will not be able to change some part of it. For example, on services Google User. Unable to remove not used services and even individual data groups.

Despite this, the majority of experts adhere to the opinion that the advantages of this technology outweigh its disadvantages.

The term "cloud technology" is now at all on the lips. Active discussion of possible nuances of working with such technologies is conducted both on forums of large Internet companies and in the medium of newcomers. And discuss, indeed, there is something.

Every day in search engines Computer owners are increasingly asked by the question of "what cloud technologies". There is nothing surprising in this, because more and more users learn about this innovation. A bright example is antivirus programs. New versions of Norton Internet Security, Kaspersky and many others in the settings offer to activate the protection option from the cloud. Since curiosity is characteristic of the very human nature, it is quite logical that people begin to be interested in cloud technologies.

Alas, something revolutionary should not be expected. Partially these technologies have long existed on the network, they simply lacked the exact and capacious definition, systematization and understanding of potential opportunities. Cloud technologies are a way of processing digital data outside the computer-initiator's computer. Since many get acquainted with the term thanks to anti-virus applications, consider the work of the "clouds" on the example of this group of programs.

Imagine that the anti-virus application faces suspicious software code, Which description is missing in viral bases. If the user does not know what cloud technologies are, and did not allow them to use (check mark in the settings), then the antivirus will try to localize a suspicious file until the databases are updated. Everything is completely different if cloud technologies are activated. In this case, information about the strange code is automatically transmitted to the developer server. antivirus programwhere promptly verifies specialists to potential danger. In case of confirmation of the threat to all computers connected to this resource, an instruction on the methods of hazard neutralization is sent. As a result, an unprecedented response rate is obtained to appear new viruses. What is cloud technologies in this example? The answer consists in performing the processing of a suspicious code on the power of the developer servers, outside the computers of ordinary users. This is a key feature.

Cloud technologies give the second life to low-power computing devices. Suppose we have a certain calculator with access to the Internet and connected to a specialized "cloud" consisting of high-performance clusters. Elementary operations We can do it yourself, but what should I do with complex calculations? In this case, the calculator sends these tasks to the cloud service, and in response it gets already ready decision. For the user, the actions performed between the set of commands and the receipt of the response remained unnoticed. After all, the main thing is the result, and it was achieved. Of course, the calculator is an extreme, but, on the other hand, it is easier to understand the principle of action.

In addition to such non-obvious clouds, there are special services, in many respects replacing full-fledged applications on the local computer. For example, the user needs to do text File in the Word program. To do this, you will need to purchase the program itself (and the license version is expensive), highlight the free disk space on the media, connect the necessary modules. Of course, all this is solved, but what to do if computers a lot (enterprise)? To spend money to buy much easier to use the cloud service providing access to certain programs placed on its sites. The user is required through the browser to go to the desired site, remotely launch Word and open your file to edit. By the way, usually thus implemented comfortable interfaces.

The advantages of cloud technologies can be listed for a long time. There are fewer minuses, but they are weighty: reduction in confidentiality and dependence on the work of a third-party resource.

MBOU SOSH №9 Karabanovo

REPORT

By computer science

"Cloud technologies"

Performed: Carpenters M.I.

Student 11A class

Chapter 1. The concept of "cloud technologies"

Chapter 2. History of the appearance of cloud technologies

Chapter 3. Review of "cloud" products

Chapter 4. Examples of "Cloud Technologies"

Chapter 5. Pros and Cons Cloud Technologies

Chapter 6. Prospects for the development of cloud technologies

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Everything changes, the world does not stand still, and most network users also change their attitude to world cobweb. The reason for this is "cloud technologies" that set "fashion" to use the Internet and storing files on the network. It is "behind the cloud" now Facebook, Amazon, Twitter and those "engines", on which the services seem to be based Google Docs. and gmail. All this is good, but so far it remains for the uninitudinal only words, pompous and incomprehensible. So how does it work?

Despite the fact that such terms as "cloud technologies" or "cloud computing" have long been in many of the hearing, nevertheless, very few people understand what the technology of the clouds is.

At first glance, it may seem that everything is too confusing to delve into it. In fact, this technology Very simple and almost every one of us has been using it for a long time, without even thinking about it. For example, on the basis of the cloud, all social networks work, file sharing, YouTube, email clients, banking services and much more.

In a simple language, the cloud technology implies the use of a computer / web application located on remote servers, through a convenient user interface or application format. Enterprises and companies use different kinds Applications in the cloud, such as, for example, to manage customer relationships (CRM), personnel management, accounting, and for other organizations' needs.

Purpose: Studying the issue of the emergence and development of "cloud technologies".

In the work of the following tasks :

• 
  form the concept of "cloud technologies",
• 
  Talk about the main platforms using "clouds",
• 
  present positive and negative sides of the service,
• 
  Light the prospects for further development in the world.

Chapter 1. The concept of "cloud technologies"

Cloud technologies - These are data processing technologies in which computer resources are provided with an Internet user as an online service. The word "cloud" is present here as a metaphor that personifies the complex infrastructure that hides behind all the technical details.

Cloud Cutting Calculations (English Cloud Computing is also used cloud (scattered) data processing) - data processing technology in which computer resources and power are provided to the user as an Internet service. The user has access to its own data, but cannot manage and should not take care of the infrastructure, the operating system and the actual software with which it works. The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor based on the image of the Internet on a computer network diagram, or as an image of a complex infrastructure, behind which all technical details are hidden. According to the IEEE document published in 2008, "cloud data processing is a paradigm, within which information is constantly stored on servers on the Internet and temporarily cached on the client side, for example, on personal computers, gaming consoles, laptops, smartphones, etc. . ".

Cloud data processing as a concept includes concepts:

infrastructure as a service,

platform as a service,

software as a service,

data as a service

workplace as a service

and other technological trends that are common in which the confidence is that the Internet is able to meet the needs of users in data processing.

For cloud technologies, the most important feature is the unevenness of the request for Internet resources from users. To smooth this unevenness and applies another intermediate layer - server Virtualization. Thus, the load is distributed between virtual servers and computers.

Cloud technologies - This is one big concept that includes many different concepts providing services. For example, software, infrastructure, platform, data, workplace, etc. Why is it all necessary? The most important function of cloud technologies is to meet the needs of users in need of remote data processing.

What do not consider cloud computing? First, it is autonomous calculations on the local computer. Secondly, it is "utility computing" (UtilityComputing) when the service of execution of particularly complex computing or storage of data arrays is ordered. Thirdly, these are collective (distributed) calculations (gridcomputing). In practice, the boundaries between all these types of calculations are quite blurred. However, the future of cloud computing is still significantly larger than utility and distributed systems.

Cloudy data warehouse (eng. CLOUDSTORAGE) - a model of online storage, in which the data is stored on numerous servers distributed on the network provided to customers, mainly a third party. As opposed to the storage model on its own dedicated servers, purchased or rented specifically for such purposes, the number or any internal structure of servers to the client, in general, is not visible. The data is stored, as well as processed, in the so-called cloud, which is, from the client's point of view, one large virtual server. Physically, such servers can be located remotely from each other geographically, up to the location on different continents.

In order to understand what the "cloud" is worth starting with the history of this issue. It is necessary to understand: whether this technology is really in the category of new ideas or this idea is not so nov.

Many modern users of computers and mobile devices You can no longer imagine life without the Internet, which firmly settled in our everyday. Relatively recently appeared new cloud technologies, which are quite different from classical models of computer systems, although in some points they work for similar principles. However, many very concept of "clouds", although it is familiar, but still remains incomprehensible. About what it is, read further.

What is cloud technologies?

If we talk about the concept itself simple language, It can be said that the technological solutions of this type are based on its own storage and use of information, software or special services without actual engagement on computers hard disks (they are used except for initial installation Client software in order to access cloud services).

In other words, the use of cloud technologies allows us to use only purely computing resources of a computer terminal or mobile device. This explanation may seem too confusing to many. Therefore, in order to understand how the use of cloud technologies in practice looks like, you can bring the simplest example.

Most modern users, one way or another, enjoys email. Often it is precisely the presence of such an address is necessary for registration in Internet services, social networks, online games, etc. in any windows system There is a built-in mail client Outlook. When you receive or send letters, they are all saved directly on the hard disk in the program folder.

Another thing when the mailbox is located on remote server (for example, Mail.Ru, Gmail, Yandex-Mail, etc.). The user just enters the site, enters its registration data (login and password), after which it gets access to its mail. This is cloud technologies in the easiest sense, since all correspondence is not saved on custom Computer (hard disk), and on a remote server. Actually, I. special program For access to K. mailbox Not needed (enough of the most common web browser, which in this case executes the role of the client application).

Thus, the most important thing is that the cloud technologies differ from standard methods IT, it consists of saving information or some software on a remote server, which at one time got the name "clouds", and in the possibility of joint access to data or software. Today you can see many services that are built according to the principles of the clouds. But it was not always so.

Cloud development

In general, conversations about the introduction of such models were carried out since the late 60s of the last century. Then there was a concept for using computational capabilities of computer systems around the world with an organization in the form of a communal services, the authors of which were Joseph Liklaider and John McCarthy.

The next step was the introduction of so-called CRM systems in the form of websites provided by subscription, which provided access to computing resources via the Internet than in 2002 began to actively use the AMAZON Book Online Store, later transformed into a huge IT Corporation.

And only in 2006, due to the emergence of the Elastic Compute Cloud project, the full-scale introduction of cloud technologies and services began to talk seriously. Naturally, an important role in the provision of computing resources has been played by the launch of everyone today a friend Google Apps service, which took place in 2009.

Modern cloud services

Since then, the cloud technology market has undergone quite serious changes. And the provision of one only computational resources was not limited.

New cloud technologies and services began to appear, which today can be divided into several large categories:

• cloud information storages;
• gaming portals;
• antivirus platforms;
• software based on web interface.

Each of these groups includes many subcategories, but in general terms they are all built according to the same principles.

Mandatory characteristics

According to the generally accepted requirements of the National Institute of Standards and Technologies of the United States, there is a single list of conditions that cloud information technologies must be configured:

• independent user service on demand (the ability of the user to determine the degree of use of technological and computing resources as a speed of access to data, the server time of processing, the volume of storage facilities, etc., without compulsory agreement or interaction with the service provider);
• access to the universal level network (access to data transmission, regardless of the device type used);
• combining computational resources (dynamic redistribution of capacity by combining resources for large number users in a single pool);
• elasticity (the opportunity at any time to provide, expand or narrow the range of services in automatic mode and without additional costs);
• accounting for services provided to consumers (abstraction of used traffic, the number of users and transaction users, bandwidth etc.).

Generally accepted classification of deployment models

Speaking of cloud technologies, it is impossible not to mention and their separation by the types of cloud service models used.

Among them there are several main groups:

• A private cloud is a separate infrastructure used by only one organization or an enterprise, including several users, or partner companies (contractors), which can belong to the organization itself or be outside its jurisdiction.
• A public cloud is a structure designed to be used by the general public in free access and, as a rule, under the maintenance of the owner (service provider).
• Public cloud is an organizational structure intended for groups of users who have common interests or tasks.
• The hybrid cloud is a combination of two or higher than the above types, which in the structure remain unique independent objects, but are connected with each other by strictly defined standardized data transfer rules or using applications.

Types of modeling models

Separately, it is necessary to highlight the method of classification of service models, that is, the whole set of means and tools that the cloud service can provide the user.

Among the main models are allocated as follows:

• SaaS (software as a service) is a model of a set of software provided by the cloud provider to the consumer, which can be used either directly in the cloud service with some device, or by access through thin clients, or through a special application interface.
• PAAS (platform as a service) - a structure that allows the user based on the provided tool to use the cloud to develop or create a basic software to follow the placement of other software (own, purchased or replicable) based on database management systems, programming languages \u200b\u200bfor binding languages According to etc.;
• IAAS (infrastructure as a service) is a model of using a cloud service with independent resource management and the ability to place software of any type (even OS), but with limited control of some network Services (DNS, firewall, etc.).

Cloud service blocks

Since cloud technologies suggest the minimum participation of the user in the work of the entire complex and are models consisting of a variety of technological combinations that interact with each other through the use of binder software, at this stage of the consideration of such services separately, we can allocate some important components of any software and hardware complex that is accepted call blocks:

• The portal for self-service is a tool that allows the user to order a certain type of service with updating additional parts (for example, for ISSA is this order virtual machine with a refinement of the processor type, volume random access memory and hard disk or refusal to use it).
• Services directory - a set of basic services and related templates for creating, which by means of automation can be able to configure the created service in actually existing computer systems and with a specific type of software.
• Orchestrator - a specialized means of controlling the action of the operations provided for in the template for each service.
• Tariffication and billing - accounting of services provided by the user, invalidation for paying for financial issues.

Additional methods

Among other things, sometimes in order to distribute the load, virtualization technology can be used in the form of a virtual server part, which represents a certain layer or a bundle between software services and hardware (distribution virtual servers According to real). This approach is not obligatory, however, cloud technologies in education use such a technique quite often.

It is quite interesting to look and antiviruses that are loaded suspicious files are not on computers, but in a cloud or "sandbox" (Sandbox), where it is pre-checking, after something is given permission to send it to the computer, or it is placed in quarantine in the most Cloud.

Pros and disadvantages of using cloud services

As for the advantages and minuses, they, of course, are. A positive aspect is that when accessing software, the repository or creating your own infrastructure for users of such services is significantly reduced by the costs associated with the acquisition of additional or more powerful equipment, or licensed software.

On the other hand, most experts subjected to cloud services hard criticism only because of their low protectedness from foreign intervention. The agenda comes to the storage of huge amounts of outdated or unused data. A vivid example of this is google servicesin which the user cannot delete any data groups or unused services.

Questions of payment

Naturally, the use of such services is paid, especially if it is cloud technologies in education (specialized libraries, educational platforms), access to specialized software or conventional data warehouses with large reserved volumes disk space.

But for the ordinary user, the same information storage services like Dropbox, Onedrive (former Skydrive), "Cloud Mail.Ru", "Yandex. Disk" and many others go for concessions, highlighting, depending on the service itself, about 15-20 GB disk space without payment. According to modern standards, of course, a bit, but to maintain some important data is enough.

Conclusion

That's all that concerns cloud technologies. Many specialists and analysts promise a great future, but the question of the safety of information or confidentiality of data is as sharply that, without the use of new development protection developments, such a rainbow perspective looks very dubious.