Intel 386 processor
80386 processor produced enough for a long time in a variety of modifications. The first version of the processor had a clock frequency of 16 MHz, performing from 5 to 6 million operations per second. In 1987, the clock frequency increased to 20 MHz (from 6 to 7 million operations per second). Plank at 25 MHz was taken in 1988 (8.5 million operations per second). Further improvement of technology allowed in 1989 to achieve frequency of 33 MHz (11.4 million operations per second).
The number of transistors in the 80386 processor has achieved a record for that time of magnitude - 275,000 (the technology was first used 1.5 microns, and in the future - 1 μm).
With the help of a new processor it became possible to address 4 GB of memory, and the dimensions virtual memory Reached 64 TB (Terabyte). In 1985, such opportunities were simply stunning, but look at your personal Computer - Today Winchester in 4 GB is clearly enough for multimedia applications!
The 80386 processor was produced not only by Intel, but also many other firms in a variety of modifications. For example, plastic with planar conclusions have become the most popular version of the hull, which soldered to motherboardthat did not allow the change of processor. And computers with such a type of processor, which are still successfully used, have clock frequencies 33 and 40 MHz. Note that for industrial computers, not only processors 386 are still produced, but also 16-bit 8088 and 80286.
Despite the care of the construction of the construction, to the Great Sorry, in the first versions of the Intel 386 processor contained an error concerning 32-bit arithmetic operations. Therefore, on the processor housings that are incorrectly functioning in 32-bit mode, "16 Bit Operations Only" marked is applied. To have such processors, only programs operating in 16-bit mode can correctly perform, and, for example, install Windows 95 to a computer with such a processor will fail.
Since many Intel 386 features have been not in demand for quite a wide range of users, then to reduce the price of computers in 1988, a processor was issued, which was labeled with SX suffix. The Intel 386SX processor, like the 8088, has two times the data abbreviated, and only 24 discharges were used to address the memory cells instead of 32. After the output of Intel 386SX, full-range options began to wear Intel 386DX.
For laptop computers in 1990, the Intel 386SL processor was released. It completely repeated the main technical characteristics of Intel 386SX. For energy conservation purposes, technical solutions were used that allowed to disconnect unused internal blocks. In addition, the processor architecture included cache memory and memory management tools. The number of transistors in the processor has increased to 855,000 (technology 1 microns).

PS / 2 computer

The operation of a competitive struggle made developers IWM ultimately refuse the principle of "open architecture". A new family of PC models IWM was called PS / 2 (Rersonal System 2 - "Personal System / 2"). It is absolutely incompatible with the first generation at the hardware level, but maintains compatibility at the level software. In the RS / 2 model, IWM announced its transition to a new bus architecture - microchannel (MICRO Shannel Architecture, MSA). This made it possible to burn out of third-party manufacturers, but limited consumers in choosing: all additional devices for these PC produces only IWM itself; Other firms are practically supported.

The first models of the PS / 2 family used the Intel 80286 microprocessor and actually copied the PC AT, but on the basis of other architecture. Then IWM began to use the Intel 80386 microprocessor and even Intel 80486.

Computer PC 386.

The new PC model based on the next generation of Intel 80386 microprocessors (PC 386) Bila was not already developed by IWM, but by the company SMPAQ. This PC can work in a really multitasking and multiplayer mode. With some intake, IWM released a computer of this class as a new model of the PS / 2 family.

In the case, the hopes of the company IWM, which took place on the concept of the new architecture of the PS / 2 - the so-called microchannel (by the way, really more progressive in the sense of data exchange rate), - until commercially met. Non-specific users turned out to be practical than professionals and did not want to acquire a PC, the new design of which is not supported by other manufacturers of additional devices.

As a result, we will not stop here on the peculiarities of the microchannel architecture of the second generation PC.

Other manufacturers (including such giants like SMPAQ, Zenith, AST, ARRICOT, etc.) have developed PC models 386 based on the use of former architecture. From this point, the company IVM, which threatened the PC as an ideology, ceased to be its most popular manufacturer. Hundreds of firms in dozens of countries of the world produce a clone model IBM, including a model with an Intel 80386 microprocessor, and these models are barely unfolded than PS / 2 firms IWM. The first place among the various options for the PC model 386 (data 1989) occupies the Microcomputer SMRAQ DeskPro / 386.

Chapter 1 "Why 386 PCs?"

Previously, I thought that Pentium 1 is the oldest PC, which were only huge computer size with a closet. Walking along the Radiorenka and going to the computer shop, found out that there were 486th. Caught in the purchase of the "fourth". Six months later I came across this wonderful site and plunged into the study of the museum, which presents the 386th, 206th and 086th PCs. It was decided to collect 386 PCs, as it is the oldest IBM-AT. Xt (286) I did not want to buy, as it is very slow, one-baking and most importantly, it is difficult to find a keyboard with the controller. But now is not about it.
Why did I want to collect my computer on the basis of the 386 processor?
I have always been fond of Dendy, Sega games. Gradually began to find analogs of segov games under DOS. On modern PC, even on my pentium 1 they go very quickly, the game "Field of Miracles" is an explicit example. He began to look for a solution to the problem. On many forums wrote that for normal operation games you need to find very old computer, old Pentium 1. Then I thought, what is it for the beast? After reading the forum, I realized that the most optimal for my game needs need 386 PCs.

Chapter 2 "How I bought and collected PC"

It was in early 2009. As usual, on Saturday, I went to the radio link. Going to a computer shop, I ask:
- Is there a PC based on 386 processor?
- Must be. Contact Andrei.
He turned to Andrey. Five minutes from the adjustment, the motherboard with the AMD 386SX-40 mobile processor was pulled out

And two red memory rollets (SIMM 30 PIN). I looked at Andryusha on the Klok and says:
- This is with good memory, and this one with a bat. Keep 4 strips for 1MB of good ullary.
I say:
- I need a hard drive, sound card.
- Now find.
Plowing for a few more minutes on the counter appeared: a 160 MB hard drive, a multicart and sound card.

Do you have a case for a PC?
- Not. BP need?
- Yes I need it.
- With you 200 rubles.
After checking the computer, I, paid, went very pleased with my purchase.
It remains to get DIN keyboard E5XKBM10140

Name keypad

And Com EW4ESM-S3101 Mitsumi Mouse.

The teacher in college in which I studied, many old PCs. His keyboard E5XKBM10140 was purchased for 100 rubles, the EW4ESM-S3101 mouse is presented. The rug for a ball mouse gave a relative.
On the next Saturday I started assembling. Everything except Winchester has launched. Long tried to reanimate HDD, but nothing came out. I had to buy a new one. He took Caviar 2635 by 639.9 MB.

Finally, the hard drive decided on the system! The computer was terribly uncomfortable (the corps were not, instead of the LCD TV monitor). Therefore, the search for the monitor and the housing continued. Went on Sunday to the store of old computers, where CD-ROM LG GCR-8523B was found

For 50 rubles and monitor 14 "for 20 rubles. When checking it was wring string transformer. They promised to repair for 700 rubles.
A week later I come to the store about the monitor, they say they are not going to repair it. I did not turn the repairmen to swear, turned around and gone.
Regarding the body and the monitor decided to learn from the Deputy Director of College. He with great pleasure gave me the last horizontal building with the condition that all the insides will remain with him. Quickly disassemble the systemist, pulled the housing. The whole evening was collected PC, it became much more convenient to use.
For another two months I went to the deputy director, since he was once to go to the basement behind the monitor. Finally, I was given the Samsung Sincmaster 3NE monitor with the words "take, should be worked." Took. With a fading of the heart, I connected the monitor to the PC, coming home. About Miracle! He earned!
At one of the couples at the University, the teacher closer to the book. From the cabinet dropped 10,25 '. I raised the floppy while he was looking for a book. A change asked permission to pick up a floppy disk. Two boxes were extracted from the cabinet and solemnly handed me.
Since I didn't have a drive 5.25 "I didn't go to the radio link for him. It was bought for 50 rubles dual (3.5 'and 5.25' in one building). Also bought a coprocessor with a frequency of 40 MHz 1990 for 50 rubles.

Coprocessor

In addition to all presented protective screen. For the monitor.
Now the computer was fully assembled, but it had to be disassembled for the switching of the connector under the battery. After the final assembly with the battery, the BIOS settings are remarkably preserved.
Everything worked fine with the MS-DOS 6.22 boot floppy disk.
The next day, returning home, I saw near the garbage tank speakers in perfect condition.

I bought the BP for 150 rubles to them, and the computer appeared the sound.
I scored the Systemsman with hardware completely. When buying gave a modem made in Canada. Books network card 3Com for 50 rubles.

It remains to put the system and programs ...

Chapter 3 "How I set up PC"

MS-DOS 6.22 was installed remarkably from the first time. Since I didn't know the teams at that time and I had the case with DOS for the first time, it was decided to establish Russian Norton Commander. Installed. I launched the game "Field of Miracles" from the floppy disk, rejoicing that the game does not "fly", and works in normal mode. The whole evening played. For complete happiness lacked only Windows 3.11, which dreamed of a very long time.
Began to install 3.11, and it is not put, gives an error. What exactly - I do not remember, but something with memory. I did not understand the PC at that time, thought that the "curve" installation Windows. Many times he reinstalled, even tried to put the 95th. All the same, until the end of the installation did not reach, the error crashes. Mom and dad assured me that this is an old PC, which is a sense of zero and work it will never be. I decided to prove that the "old man" can work perfectly. Introduce the Socketer on the Radio Seller and the Lover of Old PC Andrei. Andrei was very surprised after my request to install Windows 3.11 and explain what it means this error. He told him that the PC memory bar is most likely to blame for that he assured me that the SIMM 30 PIN strips never break down and the problem in the other. What exactly, Andrey did not understand.
Having come home at the "Polygon of Ghosts" the topic describing my problem. Advocked to write on the Memtest diskette and check the memory.
After starting the program, after a few seconds, the entire window was in errors and red. I was glad that I figured out the problem.
Immediately went to the store of old computers, where I purchased 4 last stacks of memory for 40 rubles.
Arriving home, installed them and launched Memtest. The test was completed with a positive result, not a single error.
Bounded by K. windows installation 3.11. An hour later, Solitaire "Kosyanka" has already laid out. Windows was remarkably installed from the first time! After installing the drivers on sound card PC SELL. That was not enough for me. It was decided to "stall" the "old man" by programs. On the this moment Installed:
Microsoft Word 6.0.
Microsoft Excel. 5.0a
Microsoft Visio.
Adobe Reader. 3.0

Chapter 4 "Conclusion"

Currently, PC works perfectly, it is used as a playing station and a printing machine with an Epson LQ 100 + / PC2 matrix printer (http://support.eproduct.ru/product.asp?Product\u003d150), found along with speakers near the garbage tank .

Discuss an article in a specially created

Three years after the output of Intel 80286, the light saw his follower - crystal with an index of 80386. "Three hundred eighty-sixth" became the first 32-bit processor of the American company. Despite the fact that Intel 80386 was still based on x86 architecture and kept back compatibility With "Intel" processors 8086 and 80286, it has undergone many changes. According to some estimates, the X86 architecture did not receive such significant changes as in the case of the "stone" 80386, for a long time. Therefore, they should be told about them.

As we have already said, the I386 processor has retained backward compatibility with its predecessors of 8086 and 80286. That is, he knows how to perform absolutely all programs written under previous processors, and it makes it more efficient. More productivity was achieved due to higher clock frequencies, as well as fewer synchronization cycles when executing programs. For example, multiplication of two 16-bit numbers was performed for 9-22 clocks. For comparison: the 80286 processor performed this operation for 21 tact, and the 8086 crystal - for 118-133 tact. The advantage of i386 was obvious! In addition, the enlarged team pre-election buffer was played, the volume of which was 16 bytes.

Intel i386 processor

Of course, the main innovation of i386 was that the processor became 32-bit. The entire X86 architecture has been expanded to 32 bits. Registers have become 32-bit, and, by itself, the processor received support for a set of 32-bit instructions. What is important, the protected mode of operation was significantly improved, which first appeared in 80286. The principle of the protected regime remained the same, but the regime received three important innovations: removal of the segment size restriction, the page addressing mode (Virtual 8086 Mode). In secure mode, i386 used the same architecture with memory segments, as in previous Intel solutions. However, if earlier the maximum amount of memory segment was 64 KB, which has not yet satisfied programmers for a long time, now it has increased to 4 GB. This greatly facilitated the development of 32-bit applications that could be performed without switching between different memory segments. Also in i386 it became possible to quickly switch between the real and protected modes without imitating the reboot of the processor. As for the virtual mode of 8086, it does not constitute anything special.

Interestingly, when creating a "three hundred eighty-sixth", a rather big mistake was allowed. So, the processor incorrectly performed the operation of multiplication of 32-bit numbers. However, at the time of release, the chip has not yet existed 32-bit operating systems And applications, so the mistake was found only after 18 months - in April 1987. All issued, but not sold Processors Intel stroke with the mark "only for 16-bit operations". All the "stones" errors released after detection were labeled with a double symbol of Sigma (σς).

The I386 processor was released in a variety of different versions, which were characterized by productivity, form factors, power consumption and other characteristics. I386 was produced using CHMOS III technology, which combined the speed of HMOS technology and low power consumption of CMOS technology. In this case, 1.5-μM technical process was used, and the number of transistors was 275 thousand pieces.

I386DX processor (left)

The first i386 was presented on October 13, 1985 and had a clock frequency of 16 MHz. Subsequently, this modification of the "stone" received the prefix DX - the model began to be called 386DX immediately after the launch of the cheaper 386SX in June 1988. The DX prefix was decrypted as Double-Word External, which emphasized the support of the 32-bit external data bus processor. The clock frequency of 386DX increased over the years. So, in 1987, the frequency was raised to 20 MHz, in 1988 - up to 25 MHz. And in 1990, a modification was made with a frequency of 33 MHz. With all this, the power consumption of the processor remained at a rather low level - even lower than the "Eighty Sixth". 386DX was produced in several buildings: for example, in PQFP-132 and in ceramic PGA-132.

The main disadvantage of 386DX was its high cost. Intel wanted to increase the number of sales of a new generation of processors, and therefore soon the light saw the "trimmed" crystal 386SX. The chip was released in 1988 and eventually became the most popular in the I386 lineup. By its architecture, it was a complete analogue of the DX version, with the exception of data tires and addresses. So, instead of a 32-bit external data bus used 16-bit. The discharge of the external address tire was 24 bits. At the same time, the processor itself remained completely 32-bit. Cutting the external data bus led to the fact that the exchange of information from 386SX was carried out on a twice as low speed than in the case of 386dx. This reduced the crystal productivity by about 25%.

I386SX processor

The first 386SXs had a frequency of 16 MHz, which was then rising to 20, 25 and 33 MHz, respectively. The SX version was designed for desktop computers. initial level and portable systems. In fact, the processor "prescribed" in huge quantities Home and office systems.

In addition to SX and DX modifications, one of the first energy-efficient 386SL energy-efficient processors was presented, intended primarily for laptops. The "stone" had a frequency of 20 or 25 MHz and (in contrast to 386SX) contained a variety of built-in controllers: for example, the RAM controller, the bus controller and the external cache controller, the volume of which ranged from 16 to 64 KB. In addition, 386SL supported various "sleeping" modes, as well as system control modes (System Management Mode).

Computer Compaq Deskpro 386

The first computer using the I386 processor became Compaq Deskpro 386. At that time, Compaq became the first "third party" company in history, which made significant changes to the PC platform. Until that moment, new computers first have always released IBM. She could be the first and this time, but IBM had a long-term contract for the use of 286 processors, and the company preferred to pay a 16-bit platform for some time. As the story has shown, this step has become a rather big mistake. DeskPro 386 was well sold, so by the time of the launch of the first IBM computers on the basis of the 386th processor, the company has already lost its leading position. As a result, Compaq managed a little "block" the entire desktop market. So, competition has increased, and the influence of IBM was no longer so significant.

Andy Grove - Former Intel CEO

As before, clones i386 appeared on the market soon. Several companies were engaged in their production: AMD, Cyrix and IBM. However, the policy of Intel itself against clones has changed. CEO Andy Grove Company decided not to issue licenses for the production of modifications I386 to third-party companies, but afterwards they still appeared. The first clone released AMD in March 1991. Processors were ready long before this date, but in Intel were confident that the license for the production of Duplicates, provided by AMD, was distributed only to 80286 processors and earlier, so it came to court. Litigation continued quite a long time, but as a result, AMD won the case, and the family aMD processors AM386 Taki saw the light. The ruler included clones both processors 386DX and 386SX. The top model - AM386DX - received a clock frequency of 40 MHz, that is, at 7 MHz more than that of the most productive modification of Intel! The performance of such a processor was at the level of the next-generation crystal already released by the time from the Intel - I486. At the same time, the cost of the AMD solution was much lower than Intel models. Thanks to the advantageous combination of price and speed, the processor has found an application in many desktop systems.

AMD AM386DX processor

As for the clone of 386SX - the AM386SX model, it was not so much an ordinary copy, how many revised version of the Intelsky crystal. Thus, the chip was produced at a more subtle 0.8-μM technical process and used a static kernel, which made it possible to achieve energy-efficient operation of the processor. On average, AM386SX was 35% more economical than the original 386SX. And even more economical than designed specifically for portable devices 386SL processor. In this case, the AM386SX clock frequencies were usually higher than that of 386SX (the maximum clock frequency was 40 MHz).

By the way, despite the fact that AM386SX is a clone of "Intel" chip, it is considered the first independent development AMD. Yes, and after the launch of the AM386 AMD line, they rightly began to consider one of the Intel competitors.

AMD AM386SX processor

The I386 clones produced by Cyrix received its application in laptops and inexpensive desktop systems. The "stones" line consisted of two models: 486slc and 486dlc. Despite the index in the title, the processors were copies of 386SX and 386DX, respectively. Nevertheless, it should be noted that Cyrix solutions have gained support for the I486 instruction set. An interesting architectural feature of the line was the presence of the first level of 1-8 KB. As for the clock frequency of processors, its maximum indicator was 40 MHz, as in the case of AMD AM386. In this case, the power consumption of CX486 was at a very low level. Processors could not make decent competition to AMD. Over time, Intel reduced prices for their products, and I486 managed to finally displace Cyrix crystals.

Cyrix 486DLC processor

Not left aside from the production of clones and IBM. In 1991, she introduced 386SLC and 386DLC processors, which were 386SX and 386DX clones, respectively. They were used by desk computers IBM PS / 2 and PS / VALUEPOINT, as well as in IBM ThinkPad Laptop.

Laptop IBM Thinkpad.

In addition to the above models, Intel has released processors for embedded systems: 80376 and 386EX. The first crystal saw the light in January 1989. From 386SX, he was distinguished by the lack of support real regime Works ("Stone" worked only in secure mode) and the process of replacing pages in the memory management unit. The clock frequency of the 376th was 16/20 MHz.

After 5 years, 386EX came to change 80376. The processor supported the 26-bit memory addressing, had a static core, which provided high energy efficiency, and multiple peripheral devices: for example, counters, timers and interrupt controller. Mostly 386EX used in computer systems Various orbital satellites, as well as in the NASA project called FlightLinux.

Intel i486.

When developing the processors of the following (read-fourth) generation, Intel engineers faced serious problems. Previous generation integrated schemes reached the productivity ceiling, and post large quantity Transistors on the same area did not allow the technology used at the time. Developers did not have anything left, except to recycle an existing architecture, or rather, add it. Thus, the I486 processors first acquired such components such as cache memory, conveyor, built-in coprocessor and multiplication coefficient (multiplier). Thanks to them, the new generation of CPU has become the fastest of their predecessors. But first things first.

"What is cache memory?" - Our readers know the answer to this question perfectly. It is located "between" processor and RAM and stores copies of the most frequently used data from the main memory. Access time to it is much less than the main memory. Therefore, when the necessary data is contained in cache, the average memory access time is significantly reduced. The I486 processor received an 8 Kbyte cache. The first 486th processors worked with the cache on the principle of through writing (Write Through), that is, the data was always recorded in the main memory, even if they were already present in the cache. Then the "stones" learned to work with the cache using the recording function (Write Back). When using this principle (in the presence of copies in the cache), it was recorded only in the cache, recording in rAM Not done. The I486 processors also worked with the so-called external cache, which was located on the motherboard. Its volume at that time was from 256 KB to 512 KB.

One of the I486 family processors

The presence of the 1st level cache has complicated the chip itself. The I486 processor contained almost 1.2 million transistors. About half of them were on the cache memory. The complexity of the chip caused its high power consumption and heat dissipation. So, in systems used by I486, active cooling was used for the first time. In addition, the complexity of the processor was the cause of an increase in marriage in production. Consequently, due to this, the cost of the device has increased.

Also in the I486 processors, computational conveyors appeared, the essence of which is to separate the processing of computer instructions on the sequence of independent stages while maintaining the results at the end of each stage. Something similar was implemented in Zilog Z8000. The i486 conveyor consisted of five steps: sampling, decoding, decoding of operand addresses, executing a command, recording the result of the instruction. The appearance of conveyors not only increased the speed, but also to some extent simplified the processor architecture. It is also worth noting that the appearance of conveyors has favorably affected the acceleration potential of the CPU.

As for the coprocessor (FPU, Floating-Point Unit, a floating semicolon operation module), it was a module that helps perform mathematical operations on real numbers. In I486, it was built into the chip itself. However, not all fourth-generation crystals had an integrated FPU.

Multiplication factors have not appeared in the first I486 processors. Models 486SX and 486DX managed without it and worked at the frequency system Tire. The support of the multiplier appeared only in the 486DX2 crystal. At the system tire frequency of 33 MHz, the clock frequency of the processor itself was 66 MHz. That is, the factor was equal to two. In 486dx4, the multiplication factor has been increased to three. Along with the introduction of multipliers, overclocking appeared.

I486DX processor

As in the case of the third generation, initially Intel brought to the market only two models: 486SX and 486DX. As we said, the only difference between these processors was the lack of an embedded FPU. The rest of the crystals were completely identical. By the way, due to the large percentage of marriage in production, some 486SX models were 486dx with a faulty coprocessor. Thus, Intel tried to reduce production costs. The chips were produced in 1-μM technical process, but a little later, and 0.8-μM technormams. The clock frequency of both models varied from 25 to 50 MHz. Maximum power consumption reached a mark of 5 W.

Intel I486SX processor

Despite the fact that Intel increasingly defended its development by patents, a lot of I486 clones appeared on the market. The production of copies were engaged in AMD, Cyrix, IBM, Texas Instruments and others.

The basis of the AMD AM486 clones line was the AM486SX and AM486DX model. Processors were produced at a more subtle 0.7-μM technical process, and then in accordance with 0.5 μm and 0.35-μM technological standards. Technically AM486SX and AM486DX were full analogues Intel crystals. Processors who did not use multipliers had frequencies from 25 to 40 MHz, and "stones" with the multiplication factor worked on clock frequency from 66 to 100 MHz.

In 1995. year AMD. introduced the fastest I486-compatible processor called AM5X86. The crystal was produced in 350-nm technical process and had 1.6 million transistors. The volume of the 1-level cache memory was increased to 16 KB, and the multiplication coefficient was equal to 4. The processor worked with a tire with a frequency of 33 MHz, that is, the clock frequency of the crystal itself was 133 MHz. By performance AM5X86 was comparable to pentium processor With a frequency of 75 MHz. AM5X86 was an AMD top decision before the release of new generation processors K5.

AMD CONCEROR-CLO

The clones of the I486, manufactured by other companies, were no special difference. They were architecturally repeated the original and, naturally, had the same performance.

Motorola 68020, 68030, 68040

In 1984, a few months before the appearance of I386, Motorola released its first fully 32-bit chip 68020. The processor was produced in 2 microns of the process and consisted of 190,000 transistors. Its clock frequency ranged from 12 to 33 MHz. In comparison with the predecessor 68010 new processor Received many improvements. First of all, it should be noted that the "twentieth" worked with full-fledged 32-bit external data tires and addresses, and also supported new instructions and addressing modes. At the same time, the execution time of some instructions was reduced. Also 68020 became the first processor in the Motorola 68K line with the built-in first-level cache. True, its volume was only 256 bytes. Alas, 68020 did not have a built-in FPU, although the crystal interface provided support for up to 8 coprocessors. With regard to productivity, at a frequency of 33 MHz, the result was 5.36 million instructions per second.

Apple computers are re-maintained by the main area of \u200b\u200bthe processor application: Macintosh II and Macintosh LC. In addition, Motorola 68020 also "prescribed" in Sun 3 systems, Hewlett-Packard 8711, Sinclair QL and Alpha Microsystems AM-2000.

Computer Macintosh LC.

At the same time, Motorola introduced a "trimmed" processor variant called 68EC020. So, the crystal possessed a 24-bit address bus and therefore could only address up to 16 MB of memory. Kodak and Apple used it in their printers, and Commodore - in Amiga 1200 computers and CD32 gaming consoles.

In 1987, the next processor of Motorola - 68030 appeared on sale. It was completely 32-bit. The data bus in 68030 became dynamic, it could operate in 8-, 16- and 32-bit modes. The synchronous mode of operation of the data bus and the address bus appeared, which increased the data transfer rate. The processor performance has increased and due to the additional 256 bytes of the first level cache, reduce the time of access to the instructions and adding the memory management unit. As in the case of the model 68020, the "thirtieth" did not have a built-in coprocessor. Concerning technical characteristics, they largely coincided with those at the predecessor. The clock frequency of the processor varied from 16 MHz to 50 MHz. In the second case, the performance of "stone" was about 18 million instructions per second.

Motorola 68030 processor

68030 was used in the same apple computers Macintosh II and Commodore Amiga, as well as in Next Cube, Sun 3/80, Atari TT and Atari Falcon systems. A trimmed version of the processor called 68EC030 was released.

The Motorola 68040 processor, which became available in 1990, brought much more architectural changes than its predecessors. So, for the first time a built-in coprocessor appeared. Socially preserved support for the memory management unit, which appeared in the previous generation of "stones". The amount of cache-memory of instructions and data cache has been increased to 4 Kbytes each. The principle of operation of the processor was based on the computational conveyors, which consisted of six stages.

With the advent of the built-in coprocessor and the increasing volume of the chip cache complicated significantly. At the same frequency, the model capacity of 68040 exceeded the speed of the CPU of past generations more than four times. At the same time, the crystal was much grained, and the developers could not solve this problem. From here the clock frequency of the processor never exceeded 40 MHz, although Motorola itself had plans for the launch of the 50-megahertz version.

3.1. Processors 386/387.

The Intel386 processor, released in 1985, was the first 32-bit pro-zesor. It had 32-bit sediments of the address and data with the possibility of dynamic management of conveyor addresses and the title (16/32) of the data bus. Later, E 1988, Intel was issued an Intel386 ™ SX processor option from a 16-bit data bus and a 24-bit address bus, and the full-known option was received by the official name Intel386 ™ DX. As in the case of 8088, it was done to reduce the maintenance of the computer collected on the basis of this processor. This reduction, of course, turned out and reducing the performance of the computer about the half-torch times compared to the use of DX on the same clock frequency. Intel386 ™ SX and Intel386 ™ DX processors differ only to the external data and addresses, their software models are identical. In 1990, an Intel386 ™ SL processor appeared with power management tools, developed specifically for laptop computers. Included with the 386SL released bis 82360sl, containing a set of PC peripherals, an ISA bus signals controller, controller dynamic memory and an external cache controller with a measure of 16-64 KB with a direct display architecture by either 2- or 4-channel typical associative architecture.

In the future, the description for brevity these processors will be denoted as the 386th, adding SX, DX or SL suffixes if necessary to emphasize differences.

The internal queue of the processor 386 commands has a size of 16 bytes. The number of the clock required to perform instructions is roughly the same as in 80286. The possibility of using mathematical coprocession-ra Intel387, software compatible with 8087 and 80287. It is possible to use the 80287 coprocessor and its performance below.

With the advent of the processor 386 in PC, it became possible to more effectively use the memory and the protected mode was widely used. Some of the first issues of the first issues did not provide full performance in 32-bit mode, which should indicate the Marking "16 Bit Operations Only". Attempt to install on a computer with such a processor 32-time-row OS is doomed to failure (when installing Windows 95 there will be an error message "B1"). However, the overwhelming majority of processors 386 fulfillment meets the specifications of the 32-bit processors above.

3.2. Processor Interface 386DX and 386SX

Processors 386DX produced in buildings PGA and PQFP (Fig. 5 and 6 and Table. 6 ). Their interface differs from 8086 by the use of separate tires of the address and data, conveyor addressing, as well as the composition and purpose of control signals. Compared to the 80286 interface, it was possible to dynamically control the data busbar and conveyorization of the address, the composition of the control signals has changed, the purpose of which has become more distinct.

Fig. five. The location of the conclusions of the processor 386DX in the PGA housing.

Processors 386SX produced in a 100-pin case PQFP (Fig. 6) . Their interface almost coincides with DX, Differences relate to the bit of address and data tires (see Table.6 and 7).

Fig. 6. Location of processor conclusions 386DX and 386SX in the PQFP case.

Table 6. . The location of the conclusions of processors 386

Table 7. . Purpose of processor signals 386