The history of the creation of the Excel program. Information technology "with a soul": The history of the creation of the Excel program. Macintosh versions

Microsoft Excel(Mac OS X)


Microsoft Excel 2008
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Microsoft Excel(also sometimes called Microsoft Office Excel) is a spreadsheet program created by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows, Windows NT, and Mac OS. It provides the capabilities of economic and statistical calculations, graphical tools and, with the exception of Excel 2008 under Mac OS X, the macro programming language VBA ( Visual Basic for Application). Microsoft Excel is part of Microsoft Office and today Excel is one of the most popular applications in the world.

History

The VBA functionality made Excel an easy target for macro viruses. And this was a serious problem until antivirus products learned how to detect them. Microsoft, belatedly taking steps to mitigate the risk, added a choice of security mode:

disable macros completely
enable macros when opening document
trust all macros signed with trusted certificates.

Versions of Excel 5.0 through 9.0 contain various Easter eggs, although starting with version 10 Microsoft began to take steps to eliminate them.

Versions

Windows and Windows NT versions

Excel 97 (8.0) on Windows XP

Microsoft Office Excel 2003

1988 - Excel 2.0 for Windows
1990 - Excel 3.0
1992 - Excel 4.0
1993 - Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 and 4.3, there is also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only)
1995 - Excel 7 for Windows 95 (included in Microsoft Office 95)
1997 - Excel 97 (included in Microsoft Office 97)
1999 - Excel 2000 (9) - Microsoft Office 2000
2001 - Excel 2002 (10) - Microsoft Office XP
2003 - Excel 2003 (11) - Microsoft Office 2003
2007 - Excel 2007 (12) - Microsoft Office 2007
2010 - Excel 2010 (14) - Microsoft Office 2010
Comment: Version 1.0 was not used to avoid confusion with Apple products
Comment: Excel 6.0 does not exist because the Windows 95 version came with Word 7. All Office 95 and Office 4.x programs used OLE 2.0 (automatic transfer of data between different programs), and Excel 7 should have shown that it conforms to Word 7.
Comment: Version 13.0 has been skipped. Excel 2010 has an internal version of 14.0.

Macintosh versions

1985 - Excel 1.0
1988 - Excel 1.5
1989 - Excel 2.2
1990 - Excel 3.0
1992 - Excel 4.0
1993 - Excel 5.0
1998 - Excel 8.0 (Office "98)
2000 - Excel 9.0 (Office 2001)
2001 - Excel 10.0 (Office v. X)
2004 - Excel 11.0 (Office 2004)
2008 - Excel 12.0 (Office 2008)
2011 - Excel 14.0 (Office 2011)

OS / 2 Versions

1989 - Excel 2.2
1990 - Excel 2.3
1991 - Excel 3.0

Versions of Excel prior to 7.0 were limited in data storage capacity, containing up to 16 384 (2 14) rows. Versions 8.0-11.0 could handle 65,536 (2 16) rows and 256 columns (2 8). Versions 12.0 and 14.0 handle up to 1,048,576 (2 20) rows and 16,384 (2 14) columns.

File formats

Microsoft Excel up to and including 2003 version used its own binary file format (BIFF) as the main one. Excel 2007 uses Microsoft Office Open XML as its primary format.

Despite the fact that Excel 2007 supports and aims to use the new XML formats as the main formats, it is still compatible with the traditional binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF and other formats.

Office Open XML

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with other Microsoft Office 2007 products, introduces many new file formats. They are part of the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

New Excel 2007 formats

Format	Extension	Notes (edit)
Excel workbook	.xlsx	The standard format for Excel 2007 workbooks. It is actually a compressed ZIP archive of a catalog of XML documents. It is a replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support macros for security reasons.
Excel workbook with macros	.xlsm	The same Excel workbook, but with support for macros.
Excel binary workbook	.xlsb	The same Excel workbook with macros, but storing information in binary format, opening documents faster than XML. It is especially often used for very large documents with tens of thousands of lines and / or hundreds of columns.
Excel template with macros	.xltm	The template, created as the basis for workbooks, includes macro support. Replaces the old .xlt format.
Excel add-in	.xlam	Excel add-in to add additional functionality and tools.

Exporting and Moving Tables

The API allows you to open Excel spreadsheets in a number of other applications. This includes the discovery Excel documents on web pages using ActiveX or plugins such as Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI project introduces Java libraries for reading and writing electronic Excel spreadsheets... Attempts have also been made to copy Excel spreadsheets into web applications using comma separated values (CSV).

Programming

A valuable feature of Excel is the ability to write code based on Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). This code is written using a separate editor from the tables. The spreadsheet is managed through an object-oriented code and data model. With this code, the data from the input tables will be instantly processed and displayed in tables and charts (graphs). The table becomes the interface of the code, making it easy to work with, modify it and manage calculations.

Password protection MS Excel

Microsoft Excel Protection provides several types of different passwords:

All passwords, except for the password for opening the document, can be deleted instantly, regardless of the version of MS Excel in which the document was created. These types of passwords are primarily used for teamwork on a document. When using them, the document is not encrypted, and the hash from set password... While using a password to protect the book, the document is encrypted with a known password "VelvetSweatshop", this does not add additional security to the document. The only type of password that can prevent an attacker from gaining access to the document is "Password to open", but the cryptographic strength of such protection strongly depends on the version of MS Excel in which the document was created.

In MS Excel version 95 and earlier, "Password for opening" is converted into a 16-bit key that is cracked instantly. In MS Excel 97/2000, the password was converted into a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly on modern equipment. In addition, password cracking programs can try hundreds of thousands of passwords per second, which allows not only decrypting a document, but also finding the original password. In MS Excel 2003 / XP the situation has slightly improved - the user can choose almost any encryption algorithm available in the system (CryptoServiceProvider). But by default, the same MS Excel 97/2000 protection remained. For users who are accustomed to trusting the default behavior of programs, this means that there is no strong protection for their documents.

The situation changed dramatically in MS Excel 2007 - the modern AES algorithm with a 128-bit key was used for encryption, and 50,000 times the SHA1 hash function was used to obtain the key, which reduced the search speed to hundreds of passwords per second. In MS Excel, the default strength of protection has been increased by another 2 times, thanks to the use of 100,000 times SHA1 password-to-key conversion. Conclusion: at the moment only documents saved in the Office 2007 \ 2010 format with persistent protection installed on them "Password for opening".

Criticism

The general criticism of spreadsheet processors applies to Excel as well. Specific areas of criticism in Excel are accuracy, date issues, and Excel 2007 display errors.

Accuracy

Because Excel operates on a floating point basis, the statistical accuracy of Excel has been criticized. Excel proponents argue that these errors only appear in special conditions of specially selected source data, which affect a relatively small number of users, and are unlikely to occur in practice. For versions 97, 2000, 2002, errors were fixed when executing the MOD (division with remainder) function for certain arguments, where the function returns the #NUM! Error instead of the result.

Date issues

In versions of Excel up to and including 2007, 1900 was erroneously considered a leap year. The bug originated in Lotus 1-2-3 and was deliberately introduced into Excel for compatibility and maintained for backward compatibility.

Excel display errors

Microsoft Excel 2007 screenshot showing display error 65535

On September 22, 2007, it was reported that in certain situations Excel 2007 will show incorrect results. In particular, for those pairs of numbers whose product is 65535 (for example, 850 and 77.1), Excel will display 100,000 as a total. This happens with about 14.5% of such pairs. In addition, if you add one to the result, Excel displays the total 100001. However, if you subtract one from the total, the display shows the correct result 65534. (Also, if the total is multiplied or divided by 2, it displays 131070 and 32767.5, respectively.)

Microsoft reported on the Microsoft Excel blog that an issue exists in displaying six specific floating point values between 65534.99999999995 and 65535 and six values between 65535.99999999995 and 65536 (not including borders). Any calculations that result in one of the twelve values will not display correctly. The actual data stored and transferred to other cells is correct, only the display of the value is incorrect. The error appeared in Excel 2007 and does not exist in previous versions... On October 9, 2007, Microsoft released a patch to fix the problem. It was also included in the Service Pack 1 fixes.

Notes (edit)

Links

Working with Excel Files with the .NET Framework
List of MVP Sites

Microsoft Office
Client applications	Accounting Access Lync Entourage Excel Groove InfoPath InterConnect MapPoint OneNote Outlook PowerPoint Project Publisher SharePoint Designer Visio Word
Server applications	Communications Forms Groove PerformancePoint Project Project Portfolio SharePoint
Outdated applications	Binder · Data Analyzer · FrontPage · Liquid motion · Mail · Office Assistants · PhotoDraw · Photo Editor · Schedule + · Vizact · Web Components
Online services	Office Online Office 365 Office Live Meeting SkyDrive
Windows versions	3.0 4.0 4.3 95 97 2000 XP 2003 ·
Mac OS versions	98 2001 X 2004 2008 2011
Technologies	Object Linking and Embedding Office Open XML Visual Studio Tools for Office Visual Basic for Applications
Category

You can save the Excel file in a different format by clicking file _Gt_ Save as... File Formats Available in the Dialog Box Save as"depend on which sheet type is active (sheet, chart sheet, or other sheet type).

Note: When you save a file in a different format, some of the formatting, data, and functions may be lost.

To open a file created in a different format or in a more early version Excel, or in another program, click the button file _yt_ Open... When you open an Excel 97-2003 workbook, it automatically opens in Compatibility View. To take advantage of the new features in Excel 2010, you can save the workbook in the Excel 2010 file format. However, you can also continue working in Compatibility Mode, which retains the original file format for backward compatibility.

Excel file formats

Format	Extension	Description
Excel workbook		The standard Excel 2010 and Excel 2007 file format based on XML language... Code cannot be saved in this format Microsoft macros Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and Microsoft Office Excel 4.0 Macro Sheets (XLM).
Excel macro-enabled workbook (code)		An XML-based and macro-enabled file format for Excel 2016, Excel 2013, Excel 2010, and Excel 2007. This format allows you to save VBA macro code and Excel 4.0 macro sheets (XLM).
Binary Book Excel		Format binary files(BIFF12) for Excel 2010 and Excel 2007.
		The default file format for the Excel template for Excel 2010 and Excel 2007. Does not allow saving VBA macro code and Microsoft Excel 4.0 (XLM) macro sheets.
Template (code)		Macro-enabled file format in Excel 2010 and Excel 2007 templates. VBA macro code and Excel 4.0 Macro Sheets (XLM) can be saved in this format.
Excel 97-2003 workbook		Excel 97 - Excel 2003 Binary File Format (BIFF8).
Excel 97- Excel 2003 Template		Excel 97 - Excel 2003 Binary File Format (BIFF8) for storing Excel templates.
Microsoft Excel 5.0 / 95 workbook		Excel 5.0 / 95 Binary File Format (BIFF5).
XML Table 2003		The 2003 XML Table File Format (XMLSS).
XML Data		XML data format.
Microsoft Excel add-in		The Excel 2010 and Excel 2007 add-in file format is XML-based with support for macros. An add-in is a program that provides the ability to execute additional code. Allows the use of VBA projects and Excel 4.0 Macro Sheets (XLM).
Excel 97-2003 Add-in		Excel 97-2003 add-in, an add-on program for executing additional code. Supports the use of VBA projects.
Excel 4.0 workbook		Excel 4.0 file format that only saves regular sheets, chart sheets, and macros. You can open a workbook in this file format in Excel 2010, but you cannot save an Excel file in this format.
Worksheet Works 6.0-9.0		Spreadsheet saved in Microsoft Works 6.0-9.0. Note: This format is only supported in Excel Starter.

Text file formats

Format	Extension	Description
		Format for Lotus, space delimited. Saves only the active sheet
		Saves the workbook as a tab-delimited text file - for use in another operating system Microsoft Windows - and ensures that tabs, line breaks, and other characters are interpreted correctly. Saves only the active sheet.
Text (Mac)		Saves the workbook as a tab-delimited text file — for use on the Mac operating system — and ensures that tabs, line breaks, and other characters are interpreted correctly. Saves only the active sheet.
Text (MS-DOS)		Saves the workbook as a tab-delimited text file — for use in the MS-DOS operating system — and ensures that tabs, line breaks, and other characters are interpreted correctly. Saves only the active sheet.
Unicode text		Saves the book as text in Unicode, a standard character encoding developed by the Unicode Consortium.
CSV (comma delimited)		Saves the book as a comma separated text file - for use in another operating room Windows system- and ensures that tabs, line breaks, and other characters are interpreted correctly. Saves only the active sheet.
CSV (Macintosh)		Saves the workbook as a comma-separated text file - for use on the Mac operating system - and ensures that tabs, line breaks, and other characters are interpreted correctly. Saves only the active sheet.
		Saves the workbook as a comma-separated text file - for use in the MS-DOS operating system - and ensures that tabs, line breaks, and other characters are interpreted correctly. Saves only the active sheet.
		Data exchange format. Saves only the active sheet.
		Symbolic Link format. Only the active sheet is saved.

Note: If you save the workbook in any text format, all formatting will be lost.

Other file formats

Format	Extension	Description
		dBase III and IV. Files of this format can be opened in Microsoft Excel, but Microsoft Excel files cannot be saved in dBase format.
OpenDocument table		OpenDocument table. You can save Excel 2010 files so that they can be opened in spreadsheet applications that use the OpenDocument spreadsheet format, such as Google docs and OpenOffice.org Calc. You can also open ODS spreadsheets in Excel 2010. Formatting may be lost when you save and open ODS files.
		Portable Document Format (PDF). This file format preserves document formatting and includes general access to files. When you view a PDF file online and print it, it retains its original representation. The data in the file cannot be easily changed. PDF format also useful for documents to be reproduced using professional printing techniques. Note:
XPS Document		XML Documentation Specification (XPS). This file format preserves document formatting and enables file sharing. When the XPS file is viewed on the Internet or printed, it saves the data in the desired format and cannot be easily modified in the file. Note: This format is not supported in Excel 2007.

File formats using the clipboard

You can paste data from the Microsoft Office clipboard into Excel using the command " Insert"or" Special Insert"(tab" home", Group " clipboard", button " Insert") if the Office Clipboard data is in one of the following formats.

Format	Extension	Clipboard type identifiers
		Drawings in Windows format Metafile (WMF) or Windows Enhanced Metafile (EMF). Note. If you copy a Windows Metafile (WMF) from another program, Microsoft Excel inserts the picture as an Enhanced Metafile (EMF).
Bitmap		Pictures saved in bitmap format (BMP).
Formats Microsoft files Excel		Binary file formats for Excel 5.0 / 95 (BIFF5), Excel 97-2003 (BIFF8), and Excel 2010 (BIFF12).
		Symbolic Link format.
		Data exchange format.
Text (delimited by tabs)		Tab-delimited text format.
CSV (comma delimited)		Comma delimited format
Formatted text (separators - spaces)		RTF. Only from Excel.
Embedded object	GIF, JPG, DOC, XLS or BMP	Microsoft Excel objects, objects of correctly registered programs that support OLE 2.0 (OwnerLink), and pictures or other presentation format.
Linked object	GIF, JPG, DOC, XLS or BMP	OwnerLink, ObjectLink, Link, Picture or other format.
Office drawing object		Office Drawing Object Format or Picture (EMF)
		Display text, OEM text
Single file web page		Single file web page (MHT or MHTML). This file format combines inline pictures, attachments, linked documents, and other supporting elements that are referenced in the document. Note: This format is not supported in Excel 2007.
Webpage		HTML format. Note: If you copy text from another program, Microsoft Excel will paste that text in HTML format regardless of the format of the original text.

File formats not supported in Excel

The following file formats are no longer supported in Excel 2016, Excel 2013, Excel 2010, Excel Starter, and Excel 2007. You cannot open and save files in these file formats.

File formats not supported in Excel Starter

In addition, the following file formats are no longer supported in Excel Starter. You cannot open and save files in these file formats.

Opening and viewing files in unsupported formats

If the file format you want to use is not supported in Excel, you can try the following:

Search the web for file formats that are not supported by Excel using file format converters.

Save a file in a format supported by another program, and export it to a format supported by Excel.

additional information

You can always ask the Excel Tech Community a question, ask for help in the Answers community, and also suggest new function or improvement on the website

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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On January 14, 1985, the most popular, today, program in the world appeared - Microsoft Excel.

In 1982 Microsoft released on the market its first spreadsheet processor Multiplan, which was quite famous and was mainly used on CP / M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it was significantly inferior to the previously known Lotus 1-2-3. The first version of Excel was for MAC and was released in 1985, and the first version for Windows was released in November 1987.

Lotus was in no rush to release a version of its products for Windows, and Excel began to bypass Lotus in 1988 as Windows gained popularity. That later helped Microsoft to become a leader among software companies.

Early on in its journey, Excel was the subject of a trademark lawsuit from another company that was already selling a software package called Excel. As a result of the dispute, Mikrosoft was required to use the name "Microsoft Excel" in all of its official press releases and legal documents. However, over time, this practice was forgotten, and Microsoft finally fixed the problem by buying out trademark another program.

Microsoft has also decided to use the XL abbreviation for the program name: Windows icon- the program consists of a stylized image of these two letters, and the default file extension in Excel is xls.

Compared to the first spreadsheet processors, Excel introduces many new features user interface, but the essence remains the same as that of its predecessors. Excel was the first spreadsheet processor that allowed the user to change appearance tables. He was also the first to introduce a method for smart cell recalculation, when only those cells that depend on the changed cell are recalculated.

First merged into Microsoft Office in 1993, Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint received a new graphical interface to match Excel, the main driver behind PC modernization at the time.

Since 1993, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a Visual Basic-based programming language that automates Excel tasks.

VBA is a powerful add-on to the application, and a fully functional IDE is available in later versions of Excel.

You can create VBA code that repeats user actions and thus automates simple tasks. The VBA functionality made Excel an easy target for macro viruses. And this was a serious problem until antivirus software learned how to detect them. Microsoft has belatedly taken steps to mitigate the risk by adding security mode choices:

Disable macros completely

Enable macros when opening a document

· Trust all macros signed with trusted certificates.

All these table processors performed a small set of basic operations, but what are they capable of these days?

INTRODUCTION

Microsoft Excel basics

In any structure, there is a minimum unit of information. For example, the whole world is made of atoms. This is the minimum unit of information in Excel is a cell. There are individual letters inside the cell. But the logic of Excel is based on this basic concept - a cell. The cells are collected in sheets. A sheet in Excel is a collection of cells. A book is a collection of sheets. In our concept, a "book" is a file. And in the concept of Excel "workbook" is a file. One file is one book. The work area is a collection of files or books. For convenience, several books with associated work areas can be combined into a work area and we will have the feeling of a single file.

It is easy to select one cell, click on it with the mouse and it is selected. A black square appears around the cell. But you can select several cells at once. They are selected using the left mouse button and two keys on the keyboard.

The first way is selection using the Shift key. Select the upper left cell of the required range, you need to press the Shift key and do not release its lower right corner of the range. Then both the mouse button and the key must be released. Please note that if you select several ranges, the previous selection is removed.

The second way is to use the Ctrl key. It allows you to highlight complex ranges. It's easy to use. Select the first cell, press Ctrl and, without releasing it, select other cells anywhere in the table.

You can also select an entire row or column by clicking on their header.

Excel features

Excel-rich software product. which can be used on many levels. Most likely, you will not need all the features of this program, but it is good to at least have an idea of what they allow you to do. This is necessary, say, so that you do not curl up with the search for another software product don't be aware that Excel is capable of accomplishing your task.

Excel files, called books, can consist of an arbitrary number of separate sheets. These can be worksheets or chart sheets. This feature makes it easier to streamline your work. For example, you can save all tables located on different worksheets and related to the same project in a separate workbook.

In Excel, you can work with multiple files at the same time; you don't have to close one file if you need to look into another. This property is a multi-window interface. simplifies the process of exchanging information between tables in different workbooks. Excel allows you to open as many files as you need.

Excel has its own file format denoted by the XLS extension in the file name. In addition, Excel can read files created in other spreadsheet programs such as Lotus 1-2-3 and Quanro Pro. You can also read text files, dBASE files and HTML documents.

It's worth noting that computer documentation is getting better and better. In the past, the user was happy if the manual that came with software, all its possibilities were accurately described. Currently, there is a move away from printed documentation in favor of an electronic help system. This means that you can get any help on your computer screen while working in Excel. The Excel spreadsheet is well thought out and detailed.

1. An assistant observes your actions and gives tips that can help you save time. You can review these tips at any time.

2. Provides reference information on specific issues of working with the program (for example, on creating diagrams).

3. If you enter an incorrect formula, in most cases it offers an option to correct it.

4. Provides an easy way to find help information on a specific topic. To do this, just enter a question, and the Assistant will offer a list of suitable topics. An assistant appears every time you need help.

Excel is probably the easiest spreadsheet program to use. Many of its features have been specially designed so that both beginners and professional users can complete everyday tasks quickly and easily. When performing certain procedures, the program guides you step by step, the basic editing and formatting commands are simple and straightforward. For example, to change any formatting attribute of a cell or range, you only need to use one dialog box, and to open the context menu, you need to right-click on the corresponding item.

One of the advantages of Excel is the ability to work with lists found on the desktop. This capability makes it easy to sort, filter, summarize, and process worksheet data.

Use of links

The reference uniquely identifies a cell or group of cells in a worksheet. Using links, you can use data in a formula in different places in the worksheet, as well as the value of the same cell in multiple formulas. You can also reference cells in other sheets of the workbook, in another workbook, or even data from another application. References to cells in other workbooks are called external references. Links to data in other applications are called remote links.

Propagating formulas

In addition to copying and moving, the formula can be extended to part of a row or column. This changes the relative links. To distribute the formula, follow these steps:

· Place the cursor in a cell with a formula.

· Confirm the mouse pointer to the fill handle. The pointer changes to a black cross.

· Press the left mouse button and, keeping it pressed, move the cursor to the desired location. Release the button to finish spreading the formula.

It should be noted that Excel outputs an error value to a cell when the formula for that cell cannot be calculated correctly. If the formula contains a reference to a cell that contains an error value, then this formula will also output the error value.

Working with the function wizard.

The Function Wizard is a program that helps you quickly create or edit a formula using the so-called built-in MS Excel functions. Built-in functions are predefined formulas that perform calculations on specified values, called arguments, and in a specified order. The structure of a function begins with the name of the function, followed by the arguments in parentheses, separated from each other by semicolons. The argument list can consist of numbers, text, booleans (such as TRUE or FALSE), arrays, error values (such as # N / A), and individual cell or range references. In addition, arguments can be both constants and formulas. These formulas, in turn, can contain other functions.

Because some formulas and their combinations are so common, Excel offers over 400 pre-programmed formulas called functions. All functions are categorized to make them easier to navigate. The built-in Function Wizard helps you to use the functions correctly at all stages of work. It allows you to build and calculate most functions in two steps. The program has an alphabetical order full list all functions, in which you can easily find the function if you know its name; otherwise, search by category.

Many features differ very slightly, so when searching by category it is useful to use short descriptions functions offered by the Function Wizard. The function operates on some data called its arguments. The function argument can occupy one cell or fit into a whole group of cells. The Function Wizard assists you in specifying any type of argument.

To call the function wizard, click the Insert function button on the standard toolbar, execute the Insert / Function command, or use a key combination. This will bring up the Function Wizard dialog box, in which you can select the desired function.

The Function Wizard dialog box (see Figure 1) consists of two related lists: Category and Function. When you select one of the items in the Category list in the Function list, the corresponding list of functions appears. At Microsoft Excel functions divided into 12 categories. The 10 recently used category is constantly being updated. It resembles stack memory: a new called function, which has not yet been listed in this list, will occupy the first line, thereby displacing the last function.

Fig. 1. Function Wizard Dialog Box

When you select a function, a short description appears at the bottom of the dialog box. Pressing the OK button or key, you can call the panel of the highlighted function.

In Russified Microsoft versions Excel, the names of most functions, excluding a small part (18) of mathematical ones, are written in Russian, for example, = SUM (), = IF (), = PROBABILITY (), etc. A common mistake for beginners is to enter in Russian not only the names of functions, but also arguments.

Microsoft Excel

MS Excel has the ability to graphically represent data in the form of a diagram. Charts are linked to the data in the sheets from which they were created and change each time the data on the sheet changes.

Charts can use data from non-contiguous cells. Pivot table data can use the same charts.

Create a chart

One of the most impressive strengths of MS Excel is the ability to turn abstract rows and columns of numbers into attractive, informative graphs and charts. Excel supports 14 different types of standard 2D and 3D charts. When you create a new chart, by default, Excel is set to a bar chart.

Charts are a convenient means of graphing data. They allow you to evaluate the available quantities better than the closest examination of each cell in the worksheet. A chart can help you spot an error in your data.

In order to be able to plot a chart, you must have at least one data series. The data source for the chart is an Excel table.

1.5.2. Special terms used in charting

The X-axis is called the category axis and the values plotted on this axis are called categories.

The values of the functions and histograms displayed in the chart form data series. Data series - sequence numerical values... Several data series can be used in the construction of a chart. All rows must be of the same dimension.

Legend - an explanation of the designations of the data series in the chart.

The type of chart affects its structure and imposes certain requirements on the data series. For example, only one data series is always used to build a pie chart.

Change value labels

To change the labels of the values in the chart, you need to click once with the mouse to select the labels for the entire series, another click allows you to select a separate label of the value.

Then enter a new text or value and press the Enter key. If you change the caption text directly on the chart, then the connection with the sheet cell will be lost.

CONCLUSION

The set goal of creating a computer model of a body thrown at an angle to the horizon in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets has been achieved.

All tasks have been solved:

1.An analysis of the model of throwing a ball into a wall located at a known distance was carried out in order to identify the parameters of the system, necessary to achieve the goal, and the connections between them;

2. the process of constructing a computer model of a physical process in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets has been developed;

3. it became possible to make a more accurate assessment of the ball hitting a wall located at a known distance, and to analyze the trajectories of its movement for several angles of throw, built on one diagram.

Based on the results of the work performed, the relevance of using MicroSoft Excel spreadsheets for the production of calculations of small and medium complexity was revealed. Due to the speed of developing tables - templates, simplicity and clarity of the interface, convenient printing, the availability of a wide range of tools for inserting filters, searching a table, the ability to protect a document from unauthorized deletion of data, the use of mathematical, physical, logical formulas, Excel is best suited ... According to the tests carried out, the data processing speed meets the speed required for processing large amounts of information, and in a convenient, visually understandable form.

MicroSoft program Excel has completely coped with the solution of the tasks posed to create a table for calculating the movement of bodies.

Based on the work done, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. Solving physical problems using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet is much easier and faster.

2. In spreadsheets, Microsoft Excel provides the user with many possibilities.

3. Microsoft Excel spreadsheets have many different functions that make it easier to solve any problems from different areas.

4. In Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, you can build graphs and charts, with the help of which you can visually show the result of the solution.

5. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet is a convenient modeling tool.

LITERATURE

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2. Ugrinovich N.D. Research of information models. Elective course: tutorial- M .: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2006.

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5. Mogilev A.V. Informatics. M.: Publishing Center "Academy" .2003.

6. Leontiev V.P. The newest encyclopedia personal computer. 2003.

7. Kushnerenko A.G. Fundamentals of informatics and computing technology. Moscow: Enlightenment. 1991.

8. Kushnerenko A.G. New information technologies.M .: Bustard. 2003.

9. Informatics. Encyclopedic Dictionary for Beginners. Ed.

10. Informatics. Practical problem book. T-2. ed. I. G. Semakina,

11.E.K. Henner. M., Binom. Knowledge Laboratory, 2002

12. D. A. Pospelova. M., Pedagogika-Press 1994

13.http: //www.alleng.ru/d/econ/econ271.htm

14.http: //bourabai.kz/cm/index.htm

ANNEXES

INTRODUCTION

With the advent of more and more powerful computing resources mankind opens up opportunities for modeling the most complex processes associated with both human activity and natural phenomena. The use of a simulation program provides an undeniable economic benefit for production, since, thanks to the computing power modern computers simulation is much faster in time than real processes... In addition, using modern software visualization, it is possible to get a very visual representation of the results of modeling physical processes in the form of various diagrams and graphs.

The importance of informatics is largely manifested precisely through the introduction of computer modeling in various scientific and applied fields: mathematics and physics, engineering, biology and medicine, economics, management and many others. Many scientific and industrial problems are solved with the help of computer modeling. MS Excel is a flexible tool for computer modeling.

The capabilities of Microsoft Excel spreadsheets are many-sided. Everyone knows that Excel is a powerful computing tool that allows you to make simple and complex calculations in various areas of human activity: mathematics, physics, engineering, economics, technology.

Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (included in the Microsoft Office package) is a program designed primarily for economic calculations.

The choice of this program for teaching computer modeling is due to the following reasons:

Despite its economic focus, Excel is very powerful program, which includes more than 400 functions, including mathematical, statistical, engineering, logic, etc.

Intuitive "friendly" interface, detailed help in Russian and wide integration and unification with other programs from Microsoft make mastering and using Excel lightweight, comfortable and enjoyable. Thanks to this, in Excel, you can do physics on a computer, and not computer science using physics examples. Unlike complex professional mathematical and physical packages that require a long study, Excel is mastered in one lesson and allows you to continue to engage exclusively in physics, without being distracted by the study of the program itself.

In professional mathematical and physical packages, in order to do something, you need to know which command to enter or which button to press, but there is no need to understand exactly how the program simulates this process... In Excel, physical models are not specified - they must be specified by ourselves, therefore, to model physical processes, a deep understanding of the physical and mathematical meaning of the formulas and the models used is required. The opposite is also true: mastering computer modeling of physical processes in Excel leads to a deeper understanding of these processes, as well as the physical and mathematical meaning of the formulas and models used.

Purpose of work: to create and investigate a model of a physical process in Microsoft Excel.

1. Pick up a list of references.

2. Explore the capabilities of the Excel spreadsheet processor.

3. Build a physical model in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.

Object of research: modeling of physical processes in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor.

Subject of research: a computer model of a physical process created in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor.

CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATION IN ELECTRONIC TABLES

The history of Excel spreadsheets

To work with spreadsheets were created special programs called table processors. Initially, these programs could process exclusively two-dimensional tables, including numerical data, but then products appeared that, in addition, had the ability to include text, graphic and other multimedia elements. The "arsenal" of table processors includes powerful math functions allowing complex statistical, financial and other calculations.

At the theoretical level, the concept of spreadsheets was developed by the American scientist Richard Mattessich. The corresponding publication was called Budgeting Models and System Simulation and was published back in 1961. Subsequently, this concept was developed and supplemented by Pardo and Landau, who even applied for a patent. And although this application was initially not satisfied, the authors of the invention defended the rights to their offspring through the courts.

Based on the developed theory, the first spreadsheet processor appeared in 1979. It was VisiCalc, co-written by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frank-ston, for the Apple platform. It was the emergence of such a program that largely led to the transformation of a computer from an expensive "toy" into an irreplaceable assistant to an accountant.

Subsequently, numerous spreadsheet processors appeared on the market, which include SuperCalc, Microsoft MultiPlan, Quattro Pro, Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel, OpenOffice.org Calc, AppleWorks, but VisiCalc was the first, and it all started with it.

The official appearance of Excel as part of the MS Office package is 1991, this date marks the beginning of the Excel era.

Excel is a widespread computer program... It is needed for calculations, drawing up tables and diagrams, calculating simple and complex functions.