Highly efficient AV power amplifier Golden range. Transistor power amplifiers RV range. Power supply: Schematic diagram
Transistor power amplifiers RV range ( low frequencies From 3 to 30 MHz) for the transceiver and radio stations are in great demand from radio amateurs. Before finding a substantiation of a similar fact, it should be noted that the country's legislation is allowed to use radio cells up to 10 W, but people often seek to buy transistor power amplifiers for a transceiver and 10, 100 and even 200 W. What is this due? Everything is simple.
Why do you need powerful amplifiers?
KV transistor power amplifiers seek to buy in the following situations:
- when exploiting the racies in the conditions of a large, densely populated city. Standard 3 and 10 W radio swans are not able to cope with interference arising from the work of various enterprises and other reasons. Solve the problem is capable of kV power amplifiers on transistors;
- when using a radio key. The low-locked antenna is not able to provide a steady qualitative connection. That is why motorists seek to buy reinforcing devices on transistors, differing from lamp compactness;
- when performing turbo. Low frequency radiation are often used by tourists. With them, different emergencies often happen. You can feed a signal about their occurrence in any available way, even using a 200 W radio station.
As a rule, the price of such a reinforcing device is quite high. Nevertheless, you can find places where the cost of amplifiers is at an acceptable level. For example, the sale of radiosters, the price of which is quite low, is conducted by the "RadioExpert" store.
Advantages of ordering in "RadioExpert"
The online store offers cheap to order various radiostics, including amplifiers. Check out the price list to familiarize themselves. It is worth noting that the company provides complete information support for customers.
The online store "RadioExpert" is shipped by all purchased products. Russia and other CIS countries are the main sales market.
(The article is complemented 07.02.2016)
UT5UUV. Andrei frach.
Amplifier "Gin"
Power transistor amplifier
with batraniform food
from the network 220 (230) c.
The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a powerful, lightweight and cheap high-power amplifier is relevant from the time of the invasion of radio communications. Many beautiful designs on lamps and transistors are developed over the last century.
But still there are disputes, about the superiority of solid, or electron-vacuum reinforcement technology of high power ...
In the era of pulsed power sources, the mass-based parameters of the sources of the secondary power supply are not so across, but, in fact, excluding such by applying the straightener of the industrial network voltage, it turns out to be a win.
The idea of \u200b\u200busing modern high-voltage pulse transistors in the radio station power amplifier seems to use hundreds of volts of DC for nutrition.
Your attention is proposed design of the power amplifier on the "lower" kV ranges with a capacity of at least 200 watts with a batran-informator power supply, constructed by a two-stroke scheme on high-voltage field transistors. The main advantage over the analogues is the massbreak indicators, the low cost of components, stability in operation.
The main idea is to use the active elements - transistors with the boundary voltage of the stock source 800V (600B) designed to work in the pulsed sources of the secondary power supply. IRFPE30, IRFPE40, IRFPE50, IRFPE40, IRFPE50 manufactured by the company "INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER" are selected as amplifying elements. Product price 2 (two) dol. USA. A little losing them at the boundary frequency, providing work only in the range of 160m, 2sk1692 production "Toshiba". Fans of amplifiers based on bipolar transistors can experiment with 600-800 volt BU2508, MJE13009 and other similar.
The method of calculating power amplifiers and a knife is given in the Directory of the Radio Affilitor of Korotkovolnovka S.G. Bunina L.P. Yelenko. 1984
Transformer motor data are shown below. The entrance whip TR1 is made on the K16-K20 ring core from ferrite M1000-2000NM (NN). The number of turns of 5 turns in 3 wires. The output sleeve TR2 is made on the ring core K32-K40 from ferrite M1000-2000NM (NN). The number of turns of 6 turns in 5 wires. Wire for winding recommended MGTF-035.
It is possible to make an outlet knob in the form of binoculars, which will speak well at work in the "upper" part of the SV range, though there are no transistors there due to the time of increasing and recession. Such a transformer can be made of 2 columns of 10 (!) Rings K16 from M1000-2000 material. All windings according to the scheme - one turn.
The measurement data of transformers parameters are shown in the tables. Entrance sticks are loaded on the input resistors (by the author, 5.6 Ohm instead of the estimated), included in parallel with the tank of the shutter, plus the capacity due to the Miller effect. IRFPE50 transistors. The weekend whip was loaded from the drain on the impending resistor of 820 ohms. Vector Analyzer AA-200 manufactured by Rigexpert. The oversized KSW can be explained not enough tight styling of turns of transformers on a magnetic circuit, a tangible inconsistency of the wave resistance line of the MHTF-0.35 required in each particular case. However, on the ranges 160, 80 and 40 meters there is no problems.
Figure 1. Electrical amplifier circuit.
Power supply Mapping rectifier 1000V 6A, loaded onto the condenser 470.0 per 400V.
Do not forget about safety standards, quality radiators and mica gaskets.
Fig. 2. Scheme Electrical Control Source DC.
Figure 3. Photo amplifier with lid removed.
Table 1. The parameters of the TR1 knob, made on the K16 ring.
| Frequency kgz. | R. | jx | SWR. |
| 1850 | 45,5 | +4,2 | 1,15 |
| 3750 | 40,5 | +7,2 | 1,3 |
| 7150 | 40,2 | +31,8 | 2,1 |
Table 2. The parameters of the TR2 knocker, performed on the K40 ring.
| Frequency kgz. | R. | jx | SWR. |
| 1800 | 48 | -0,5 | 1,04 |
| 3750 | 44 | -4,5 | 1,18 |
| 7150 | 40,3 | -5,6 | 1,28 |
| 14150 | 31,1 | 4,0 | 1,5 |
| 21200 | h. | h. | 1,8 |
| 28300 | h. | h. | 2,2 |
Figure 4. Output sleeve on ring K40.
Table 3. Parameters of TR2 knocker, binoculars.
| Frequency kgz. | R. | jx | SWR. |
| 1850 | 27,3 | +26 | 2,5 |
| 3750 | 46 | +17 | 1,47 |
| 7150 | 49 | -4,4 | 1,10 |
| 14150 | 43 | -0,9 | 1,21 |
| 21200 | h. | h. | 1,41 |
| 28300 | h. | h. | 1,7 |
Fig. 5. Output sleeve design "Binoculars".
With parallel inclusion of transistors and recalculate the strength, power can be significantly improved. For example, on 4 pcs. IRFPE50 (2 in the shoulder), the outlet of the sleeper 1: 1: 1 and power 310V in drains, easily obtained the output power of 1kW. With this configuration of the efficiency, the knocker is particularly high, the technique of performing the slope is repeatedly described.
The author's version of the amplifier on two IRFPE50, shown in the photos above the text, works perfectly on the ranges of 160 and 80 m. The power of 200 watts on the load is 50 ohms at the input power of about 1 watt. Switching circuits and "Body" are not presented and depend on your wishes. Please pay attention to the absence in the description of the output filters, the operation of the amplifier without which is invalid.
Andrei Frazko
Supplement (02/07/2016):
Dear readers! According to numerous requests, with the permission of the author and editorial board, I also post, I bring a photo of the new design of the amplifier "Gin".
The published material is designed for a wide range of radio amateurs that do not have special technical education, a complex plumbing tool and experience of building such structures, therefore, some questions are possible on someone's glance is lit too detailed.
It should be immediately noted for criticism that in this article the author expressed only his vision of the solution of this issue and, therefore the stated material does not pretend to be originality and indisputability both in judgments and circuit solutions and in the practical implementation of the structures of the actual amplifiers and their individual nodes .
The main tasks of this publication are:
- obtaining universal design an amplifier that allows us to assemble its radio amplifier who does not have greater experience in building such devices and not having high qualifications;
- enable radio amateries, without serious conversion alterations, experiment with individual nodes, use (be replaced) in the amplifier scheme The most common domestic medium power generator lamps;
- application in the design of the power amplifier of the maximum number of publicly available parts of the widespread use of factory manufacturer;
- the possibility of applying in the manufacture of an amplifier minimum of complex plumbing and turning equipment, as well as service equipment and measuring instruments when setting it.
The amplifiers described in the article were operated with various types Transceivers: UW3DI-2; RA3AO; Ether; A wave, UA1FA (transmitting prefix), on WA and Lincoln were used on the CB and 10-meter routing range. In all cases, the quality of the output signal was uniquely determined by the signal quality of the transceiver used.
The main technical characteristics of amplifiers
In the amplifier schemes used lamps GI-7B, GI-7BT, GI-6B (2 pcs.), GU-72 (2 pcs.), GMI-11, GU-74B, 6P45C, 6P42C, 6P36C (4 pcs.), GU-50 (3 and 4 pcs.), G-807 (4 pcs.), GK-71. Amplifiers operate in class AB1 (in SSB mode) and C class (CW mode).
Range of operating frequencies ...................................................... ..1.8 - 28.7 MHz
The type of radiation ......................................................................................... ..ssb, CW, RTTY
Power supplied to the anode chain for a long time in mode
"Pressing" ............................................................................ 650 W Max.
(depends on the excitation power and is limited to the power of the source of the anode voltage);
Power in load * in the frequency band 1.8 - 28.7 MHz ......................300-350 W
(depending on the efficiency of the output circuit on this range);
Entrance (output) resistance of the amplifier .............................. 75 (50) Ohm;
Power consumed by the amplifier from the network in "Pressing" mode ... .. 700 W Max;
In the "silence" mode ....................................................................... ...... .130 W;
In the reception mode ................................................................................... 60W.
Overall dimensions of the amplifier (without legs) mm ..........................352 '153' 350;
Mass of the amplifier ............................................................... about 25 (13) ** .kg.
* - Meaning guaranteed output power, i.e. The power obtained at nominal values \u200b\u200bof currents and voltages of transformers and 70% of the operating cycle, the output power of individual instances reaches 500 W.
** - for schemes with batraniform food.
POWER AMPLIFIER DVA - 300
POWER AMPLIFIER USES ONE GU-74B, GMI-11 TUBE, TWO GI-7B (GI-7BT, GI-6B), GU-72 TUBES, THREE OR FOUR GU-50, FOUR 6P45S (6P42S, 6P36S), FOUR G- 807 TUBES, FOUR G-811 TUBES, GK-71. The PA Covers 160-10 m (Also All Warc). IT Requires 10-40 Watts to Produce Full Power. The PA Uses AB Class (SSB), C Class (CW) Grounded Cathode Circuit. The AC Power Supply IS Built-in and Can Be Set For 220/230 VAC
Frequency Range ....................................................................................1.8-28 MHZ Modes .................................................... ..................... SSB, CW, RTTY
INPUT POWER ...................................................................... 650 Watts Max.
Power Output ......................................................................300-350 Watts
DriverPower .......................................................................... 5-40 Watts
Efficiency ........................................................................ .. ...... 55-65%
INPUT / OUTPUT IMPEDANCES ........................................................... 75 (50) OM
Plate Voltage ........................................................................ .1300 Volts
Harmonics ......................................................................... 35 DB Typical
Front Panel Status Indicators ................... ...... .. ......... Standby, Operate, Transmit
Metering .................................................................................................ig, IOUT
PRIMARY POWER ............................................................ ..220 / 230Vac, 3A
Dimensions ........................................................ ...... .350 x 150 x 350 mm
Weight ....................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................
In all the schemes and assembly drawings below, the numbering of elements and parts performing the same purpose is stored from the diagram (drawing) to the diagram (drawing). If there is no next number of the element number on the drawing or size in the drawing, it means that it was on the previous scheme (drawing) and, accordingly, the newly emerging elements have a number that has not occurred earlier.
one . Power amplifier power supply.
The schematic diagram of the power supply (in the future) is depicted in Fig.1. BP for all versions of amplifiers (with the exception of bipstranformator) are assembled according to the doubling scheme of anodic voltage, which is mainly due to the type used to obtain anodic voltage of transformers (the so-called lature scheme), the doubling scheme can only work on the capacitive load, the frequency of straightened voltage ripples is twice Above network frequency. In its energy characteristics, this scheme is not inferior to a bridge circuit operating on the container.
The anodic voltage rectifier is made on four diodes CD 210 V. In practice, it is customary for each shoulder doubling scheme for every thousand volts of straightened voltage to use one diode, so they are turned on sequentially two in each shoulder. This type Diodes allows them to use in consecutive inclusion without shunt resistors. When using the same diodes of old types, in parallel, it is necessary to include resistors for a uniform distribution of the return voltage (at the rate of 750-1000 kΩ per 1000 in voltage) and to draw their capacitors with a capacity of 0.01-0.05 ICF to protect the electricity capacitance (not thermal) breakdown by short-term impulses, by different reasons arising in chains.
As a three-year practice of the amplifier operation showed (there were several variants of such amplifiers on various lamps for the above), in amplifiers, it is possible to absolutely calmly apply a straightener with voltage doubling and electrolytic capacitors as a capacitive load, and the signal quality is practically depends only on the quality of the signal of the transmitter . The overall power of the power transformer can be only 10-15% more power supplied to the terminal cascade. In addition, while its secondary winding has twice the number of turns, and the cross section of the wire, the opposite increases, which makes it easier to wind the transformer.
The magnitude of the anode voltage is selected based on the type of transformers used, but also taking into account the greater value of the value of the equivalent impact resistance of the anode load (R \u003d UA / 2IA), since with small RE lamps work with large anode currents (little UA), as a result Due to the increase in the required power, the swing decreases both the CCD Cascade and the life of the lamps.
Given the application in the inclusion of lamps on the lamps with a shared cathode, the source also provides a complete set of other voltages: necessary for the operation of the amplifier: the voltages of the screen and control grids, the heat voltage and the service stresses needed to power the automation and signal circuit circuits.
In-interest differences are available only in the power circuit circuit, it is performed depending on the voltage of the operation of a particular lamp, and various anti-high transformers are used. In BP, only industrial production transformers are applied, which passed government tests in limit operational modes and provide the possibility of continuous round-the-clock operation at rated voltages and currents in rigid climatic conditions, thereby increasing reliability during the operation of the amplifier. And considering the fact that the average power of the amplifier when operating in SSB mode is about 30% of peak power, and the duration of full-power peaks is sufficiently short-lived, you can get a large output power from the amplifier.
It should be noted that if you are going to use an amplifier to work with digital radiation types or FM (i.e., when working is assumed to constant radiation of the carrier), in this case, firstly, the anodic voltage drawders are possible directly up to the value (effective value) of the voltage The output winding of the transformer, which leads to the appearance of the output signal distortion, and secondly, to overheating and, accordingly, failure the lamp of the output cascade. Therefore, in such cases, the output power must be reduced. In addition, network windings of these transformers contain taps that allow using transformers with an increased or low voltage of the supply network, which is especially important for the countryside. And the presence of taps in the secondary windings makes it possible to vary the magnitude of the anode voltage within wide limits. Options for replacing anodic transformers are shown in Table 1. All of the above, in no way, does not exclude your initiative to independently manufacture transformers in the absence of the possibility of acquiring factory instances. Just with their manufacture, you need to consider the following:
First, high-voltage winding should be securely isolated from all other windings (it is best to wind it last).
Secondly, the transformer must be sure to be reliably saturated with varnish. Our Sheca is often not the most ideal place in the apartment (if in the apartment!) And an increase in air humidity is often the cause of the breakdown of the windings.
The procedure for calculating transformers on the brand gland is not given here, since it has been repeatedly described in various literature, for example, see.
The power supply unit provides the following output parameters:
anodic voltage ....................................................1330 (1500) B / 500 MA;
Stabilized screen grid voltage ........................... 300 V / 50 MA;
Stabilized voltage of the control grid ..................... 100 V / 50 MA;
Glow voltage (variable) ........................ .. ... 26 V / 2.1 A (12,6 V / 7.0 A);
Power supply relay .....................................................................24 V / 700 MA;
Voltage of power lamps (variable) ..................... 6.3 V / 700 MA.
NOTE:
1. The capacitors must have the same leakage voltage in the multiplication scheme.
3. Since when using lamps GI-7B in the circuits with a common grid, there is no need for a separate offset voltage source, the anode voltage value can be increased to 1500 volts due to the use for this purpose additionally included in series windings 15-19 and 21 - 22 transformers Tr .1 and TR.2. Capacitors C1- C8 type K50- 20 at the same time must be changed on K50-7 or similar calculated on work voltage 450 V. It is even better to apply imported condensers, for example, the company "Samsung", which do not require the selection, though their cost is three times higher.
4. For symmetric nutrition nuts of the lamps, the TR.3 transformer winding, with which the heat voltage is taken, if possible, it is best to perform with an average point that needs to be placed on the circuitous land, as shown in Figure 1A.2 (this applies to all described Schemes). If the winding does not have an average point, it is easy to obtain using diodes, as shown in Fig. 13a.3 The diodes used for this purpose should be calculated on the flow of the total cathode current, and their maximum allowable reverse voltage should be at least The voltage of the heat. Almost all modern powerful diodes are responsible for these requirements.
Includes BP by pressing the S1 button "On". At the same time, the power is supplied only to the network winding of the TP3 slot transformer. From the same transformer, it turns out a voltage for rectifiers that feed the control grid chains, alarm light bulbs, a relay and a fan. The use of a separate transformer allows, firstly, to include an anode supply voltage only if there is a heat voltage and warm-up lamps, secondly, immediately after turning on the heat voltage, the lamp is locked with a negative voltage on the control grid and third, it allows you to use the amplifier in standby mode with Turn off the high voltage with long-term operation of the radio station only to receive ..
All amplifiers are equipped with fans for blowing lamps. This can be useful in the hot season, when working in competitions, as well as when working RTTY, Packet, etc. The rectifier diagram for fan power is assembled on VD15, VD16 and C13, C14. In order for the voltage on the fan with a load of 12 V, the capacitor capacitor C13, C14 should be 470 μF.
The cooling fan is turned on either simultaneously with the power supply voltage of the lamps, or on its own, by pressing the S1 "VENT" button. In the variants of the amplifier circuit on lamps operating only with forced cooling, a Fan-type fan 71m is used, which has relatively small dimensions and sufficient performance - 45 cubic meters. Air meters per hour. In a passport for metal-raised and metal-ceramic lamps, it is said that the cooling on the lamps should be supplied before turning on the heat voltage and stop no earlier than three minutes after turning off the heat voltage. Therefore, the fan is turned on automatically when the S2 "NAC" button is turned on, and when the heat voltage is turned off, in case of needing, the fan can be left on (for lamps operating with forced cooling) by pressing the S1 "VENT" button. For the convenience of work, the wishes can parallel the fan button to put the thermaller (for example, RB 5-2) and then the fan will automatically turn on when the temperature is 60 degrees. For a long-term and silent operation, the fan must be periodically servicing: to clean each month and lubricate with disassembly every six months (of course, if the lubricant is provided by the fan).
To obtain anodic, screen and offset voltage, two transformers TA262-127 / 220-50 TP1 and TP2 are applied, the secondary windings of both transformers are included in series. When you press the S3 button "Anode", the relay K1 is triggered, which with its contacts connects to the network (through FU1 and FU2 fuses) primary windings of transformers.
Resistors R1 and R2 are used to limit the jump of the C1 - C8 capacitor charge current when the amplifier is turned on, their value is 3 - 10 ohms. In diagrams with transformer power, the anode EMF self-induction of the secondary windings of the anode transformers prevents the current jump when the power is turned on, so the value R1 and R2 is selected equal to 3-4 ohms. In the case of the power source of the anodic circuits of the amplifier over a batran-former diagram, the load of the rectifier becomes pure capacitive. At the same time, the starting current is significantly increasing and at rates R1 and R2, equal to 3-4 ohms, when the source is turned on, their conductive layer will instantly evaporate, the resistors themselves do not even have time to darken from heating. In this case, the rating of the resistors must be increased to 560-1200 ohms, and to exclude the voltage drop on them, it is necessary to add a starting circuit collected on R26, C28, K1A, which, after the charge C1 - C8, shrinks R1 and R2 (Figure 1 indicates dotted line). The value of R26, on which the switching time is depends on, is selected when setting up.
Resistors R3 - R6, on the contrary, serve for discharge C1 - C8 when the anode voltage is turned off. On the resistors R9 - R13, the voltage drops to the stabilization stabilization voltage VD11 - VD13, included in the screen grid circuit. The size of the resistors is selected based on the stabilization current VD11 - VD13.
Resistors RS1 and RS2 are designed to measure the anode current and on-screen mesh, respectively. Resistance to resistors depends on the type of instruments used. So, for M2001 instruments with a current of the total deviation of 1.0 mA of their resistance are 0.28 (0.14) and 2.8 ohms, respectively, while their scales will correspond to 500 (1.0 a) and 50 mA in the basic design measurement The current mesh current is not provided, because This requires additional switching of the device and the RS2 resistor is "an amateur".
* - When using data transformers, the rectifier circuit is performed on a bridge circuit without doubling the voltage, diodes used in this case should be calculated on the appropriate voltage.
** - Resistance is selected until the normal current of stabilization VD11-VD13 is obtained.
*** - When using type data transformers, it is necessary to increase the width of the BP chassis to 160 mm and adjust the location of the holes for fastening the transformers, adjust the layout and the length of the wiring of the harness, and also lengthen the children. 12 - Child 13 to 160 mm. Accordingly, the sizes of the case are changed.
The voltage source of the control mesh of the lamp is also made according to the voltage doubling scheme on VD5, VD6 diodes and C10, C11 capacitors, then the displacement voltage is stabilized with VD14 stabilitron. Variables R22 and R23 resistors are designed to set the lamps resting current in SSB and CW mode, respectively. The exact value of the voltage of the working point is set to a minimum of out-of-band radiation. This should be remembered when replacing the lamps, the value of resting the new lamp should be set equal on the basis of the above condition. The selection of the mode is made by the S4 "SSB-CW" switch.
The electrolytic capacitors of the K50-20 brand are applied to smoothing the ripples of the anode voltage. Often, the literature is written in the literature that their use due to the heavy heat regime inside the amplifier housing is undesirable and the numerous arguments are given. However, twenty years old personal experience Maintenance service of type "Minsk-32", "EC-1022" and "EC-1045", working around the clock for months without turning off the power proved that they behave very reliable. The only thing that these capacitors do not like are long idle without supplying voltage. So, if at the initial turning on the amplifier or when it is turned on after a long downtime (three months or more), you will be indicated on the "background", do not worry - a couple of days of work on the air and everything will fall into place. In addition, capacitors are separated by a partition from the installation site of the lamps and are practically not heated. In general, before installing the scheme, in order to avoid stripping, capacitors are best formed, if only because they can get caught in the 80s or even the 70s. This is done either before installing them in the scheme using the simplest schemeor directly in the scheme (see chapter 5).
In the XP2 outlet, in case of needing, you can turn on the transceiver or some kind of auxiliary device.
The XP8 connector is displayed + 24V (+ 12V), which can be used to connect the power switch or, for example, an electronic key.
Two capacitor (C12, C15) is applied to the 2-g-7b power supply voltage (C15), this is done in case, for example, you will not get the desired transformer from the TN series, and you will receive a transformer with various The current is slight windings, such as TN-56. When it is used to obtain the required gas current, it will be necessary to combine the windings. To obtain a service voltage, you will also easily switch to the doubling scheme using only one winding of 6.3V, as shown in Fig.2A1 (this also applies to other schemes).
2. General description of the amplifier scheme
To build amplifiers, those generator or modulatory lamps are best suited, in which the anode's conclusion is located separately from other conclusions and is located on top. With such a lamp design, when installing the amplifier, it is easier to divide from each other anodic, grid and slid chains, which will reduce the likelihood of their mutual influence, and, accordingly, the inclusion of the amplifier to self-excitation when turned on.
The schematic diagram of the high-frequency part of the power amplifier is shown in Fig. 2. The icon of the anode part of the base amplifier is common to all options and is made according to the parallel power scheme. Anode contour is a traditional P-circuit consisting of band coils L4 and L5, an anode capacitor C20, a condenser of communication with an antenna C21. The only feature of the scheme is the inclusion of the receiver antenna in the "hot" end of the p-circuit of the output cascade, which gave the additional selectivity of the signal at the reception. With this inclusion, it is possible to adjust the contour to the transmission in the "cold" mode. This excluded the overvoltage mode of the amplifier with an upset circuit in the setup mode, since the setup operation is purely in the reception mode without supplying high voltage and signal emission to ether, and at the same time the settings in the reception mode and transmission are practically coincided, a small difference is observed only on the range of 10 meters. To reduce the "noise" of the lamp during the reception due to the residual current through it (otherwise, the stabilians will not work, because at low currents simply, they will not go to the stabilization mode), the lamp of the lamp negative voltage is chosen quite large.
Experiments carried out when constructing amplifiers showed that with the normalized input resistance of the receiver (RVX). equal to 75 (50) OM, the value of the C19 communication condenser capacitance included in the "hot" end of the contour should be at least 15 PF. Otherwise, the signal at the input of the receiving tract will have a large attenuation, however, the magnitude of the capacitor capacity in the range of 10 meters becomes commensurate from the capacity of the anode capacitor C20, which leads to a certain difference in the settings. In addition, the total capacity of these capacitors becomes significant for the range of 10 meters, and therefore difficulties may occur with the transmission circuit configuration, since the C20 condenser is connected parallel to the C20 condenser, so the latter must have as smaller initial capacity (except Embodiment E).
From the use of broadband transformer amplifier at the inlet, which increase the input excitation voltage by half (for circuits with a shared cathode), it was necessary to refuse. Numerous experiments were conducted, rings were used permeability from 1000 to 20 RF, the number of turns of windings and a wire twist step were changed, a sequential circuit was used to compensate for the volunteer, the circuit was used to turn on the WPT winding circuit, and the same results were obtained. . Yes, as a resistance transformer over the entire range, it works great, but at frequencies above 11 MHz the amplitude of the signal began to fall, and at 28 MHz its level was two times lower than the input signal level, and considering the decrease in the gain of the schemes themselves with OK with increasing frequency Received the corresponding result. Thus, it turned out that one AEC could not be covered with a strip in almost 28 MHz, which should be expected, to apply a few EPT - we get the same input range circuit. But the use of input range contours at the inlet of the amplifier immediately complicates significantly and increases its design. It also leads to complication and switching schemes, so in this case, it is necessary to use additional relays to switch the input contours, or their mechanical connection is needed with the switch of the output P-circuit, which ultimately leads to the difficulty of the diagram of the scheme by small-qualified radio amateurs. Although of course a small-skilled radio amateur with the first category - paradox, but still. Naturally, if you wish, you can use both options (at the same time and independently check all foregoing). Schemes of possible WPT connection options at the inlet of the amplifier are shown in Fig.2C2
If you are still going to put the band contour at the inlet, or you plan to use the RA3AO type transceivers amplifier, URAL-84 or similar to them, which contain broadband low power amplifiers (up to 5 W) and the power of which is not enough to rock a powerful output cascade, And there is no possibility to build an additional cascade due to lack of space in the transceiver case, in this case you can install at the input input strip filters. It is best for this purpose to use an inductive bonding contour, which firstly provide galvanic junction (which is a prerequisite for combined transformer schemes) and, secondly, a good range filtering. The diagram of the input part of the amplifier with such filters is shown in Fig.2.22 (for schemes with OK) -2.24 (for schemes from OS), and the drawing of the universal board is in Fig. 13.
In the basic variant of the amplifier circuit, there is no "bypass" mode, since the amplifier was not intended for local ties. In addition, first, for local QSO, there is a telephone, St. MH and 144 MHz, secondly, even almost all of our "Home Made" are equipped with output power regulators and, thirdly, if the dynamics of the radio of your correspondent for your correspondent The house does not allow him to listen to you, you can talk to him just sitting on a bench in the courtyard (saving "with the QSO" on electricity to communicate with DX).
If you still want to have a "Bypass" mode in the amplifier, in the regimen of the amplifier part of the amplifier, it is necessary to make changes according to Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, while on the BP chassis (Fig.11), the K5 relay is installed (Fig. - K3 relay with a bracket pose 106. In this case, both in the front panel of the amplifier and in the fakes, the holes are additionally drilled under the S6 button - "bypass", appropriate changes are made in the laying of the harness.
If, you do not provide for the use of the amplifier P-circuit in the receiving tract, the switching antenna is carried out according to the recommendations shown in Fig. 2.3. In this case, the K3 relay is installed on the front wall of the BP with the help of a key position 106, there is no need for C19 capacitor, and on the HF partition the hole for fastener K3 is not drilled. Accordingly, changes are made in the laying scheme of the harness.
In the case of use to work with a transceiver amplifier, in which the switching antenna with transmission reception is performed directly in the transceiver itself, in the fundamental regimen of the amplifier part of the amplifier, it is necessary to make changes according to Fig.2.4 and Fig. 2.5. In this case, the XP1 connector on the rear panel of the amplifier (Fig. 4) is not installed and, respectively, the hole is not drilled under it. On the BP chassis (Fig. 11), the K5 relay is additionally installed and appropriate changes are made in the laying scheme of the harness. If the amplifier P-circuit receive is not used, changes are made to the scheme according to Fig. 25 and Fig. 2.6, and if the "Bypass" mode is also needed - according to Fig.2.6 and Fig. 2.2.
When using an amplifier, both in conjunction with the transceiver having an antenna internal switching and with a transceiver having separate jacks of the receiving and transmitting antennas, and the incidence of the amplifier is performed according to fig. 2.7 and Fig.2.8. On the BP chassis, the K5 relay is set, the K3 relay is installed on the front panel of the BP, the hole is drilled on the rear panel. 8mm for setting the S7 switch S7 "2 - 3". Appropriate changes are made in the laying scheme of the harness.
If in this embodiment at the reception of the P-circuit of the amplifier is not used, the RF part of the amplifier is performed according to Fig.2.8 and Fig. 2.9, if the "Bypass" mode is also needed, then the K6 relay is installed on the front panel on the front panel. Button S6 "Bypass". Installation in this case is conducted according to Fig.2.10 and Fig.2.11.
All amplifiers are equipped with built-in devices that allow control of the state of the antenna-feeder (CWS-meter) during operation, and approximately measuring the power at the output of the amplifier. For this purpose, ready and well-proven scheme V.A. Hypnik, shown in the book "Devices for controlling and establishing radio amateur equipment", only unlike the author in it for ease of use, two are used at once. fight indicators. The first of them shows the level of the incident wave, and on the second it is immediately possible to evaluate the testimony of the CWS of the antenna-feeder system. Turns on the KSV meter by pressing the S5 button.
Now I would like to single out the question of using lamps, especially the old years of production. Again, there is an opinion that the old lamps who have launched ten or more years in warehouses cannot be used in powerful cascades working at high voltages, because Possible breakfast or discharge inside the lamp due to partial losses by them due to the old age of the vacuum. Especially willingly, this opinion is supported by lamps (for known reasons). Indeed, with long-term storage of lamps of their parts and the shell can highlight some amount of gas. At the same time, the vacuum required for sustainable work and ensuring stable parameters of lamps is inevitably worsen. However, in most cases, you can improve the vacuum inside the lamp and make it quite suitable for work by special lamp training. Therefore, when the lamp is first turned on after long-term storage, and after staying in the non-working state of more than half a year, the lamp must necessarily expose the training that is called "hardness".
In the presence of a spark leak detector, a vacuum check can be carried out as follows: the conductor with high-frequency potential from the spark leak detector relates to one of the electrodes of a lamp or a glass cylinder and observe the nature of the glow. In order to avoid breakdown, it is not necessary to touch the glass in one place more than 2-3 seconds. Avoid hitting sparks at the spion of metal with glass.
The degree of vacuum is determined by the following features:
a) the absence of a glow or a weak surface glow (glass fluorescence) of green or blue indicates a high vacuum;
c) The volume gauge of the blue color indicates that the "gas" lamp. Such a lamp before inclusion in the working circuit should be pre-subjected to "hardness";
c) the volume intensive gauge of the pink color indicates that air penetrates into the lamp;
d) If there is a spark between the electrodes inside the lamp, then this indicates the presence of full atmospheric pressure in the lamp.
The trigger lamp can be made either directly in the amplifier in which the lamp will work or in special installation, if there is such.
To withstand the lamp at normal heat voltage (without other supply voltages) 20-30 minutes.
Enable negative grid voltage.
Include an anode voltage not exceeding half of the nominal value, to withstand 5-10 minutes and then increase it with steps 150 - 200 V to a nominal value, withsting at each stage 5-10 minutes. When approaching the nominal voltage value, the shutter speed at each stage should be slightly increased (up to 15-20 minutes).
If a discharge occurs when the voltage is raised in the lamp, it should be reduced voltage to one step, to withstand 10-15 minutes and then raise the voltage to the steps to normal. The absence of breakdows indicates that the vacuum in the lamp rose.
To protect the lamp from damage in the event of a breakdown in an anode chain, it is necessary to include resistance of 3-5 times more than the usual restrictive resistance, included with the normal operation of the lamp. At the end of the hard, in the absence of discharges, the resistance value should be reduced to the nominal value.
With increasing voltage, it is necessary to ensure that the power dissipated by electrodes does not exceed the maximum permissible values. Anode current adjustment can be changed by changing the voltage of the grid offset.
After the anode voltage was brought to the nominal working value and for 20-30 minutes there will be no discharges or any non-normalities in the operation of the lamp, it is recommended to increase the anode voltage by 5-10% higher than the nominal and withstand 10-15 minutes. After that, in the absence of discharges, the lamp can be included in the work.
True can also be performed in dynamic mode. In this case, the lamp turns on under reduced values \u200b\u200bof the supply voltages and, after shutter speed for 5-10 minutes, the voltage and the load are slowly rising steps to normal values.
The inclusion of full voltage anode must be made with a configured circuit. Otherwise, a lamp output is possible due to breakdown. If the lamp is at full setting After long-term storage, it does not give sufficient power, it is allowed to be short-term (no more than 5 minutes) increase the voltage of the heat higher than the nominal by 15%.
In any case, for a long time and trouble-free work New lamps must be trained. When you first turn on the new lamp or after a long break in the work (more than 10 days), the following procedure for the preparation of the lamp is recommended to normal operation: the heat is turned on; With normal heat voltage (without other electrodes), the lamp is maintained for 15-20 minutes. After that, you can include the tensions of the anode and grids. It is advisable to withstand lamps 5-6 hours in transmission mode in the absence of an excitation signal.
NOTE:
- The inclusion of any electrodes voltages should be made only after the voltage and the heat current reached the nominal values.
- During operation, the lamp voltage should be constant and should not exceed the nominal value. Even a small increase in heat voltage can significantly reduce the life of the lamp.
- The output power and the steepness of the characteristics of the lamps can be reduced by the end of the service life of up to 20% of the lower limit of the norm.
- Exceeding limit modes of operation inevitably attracts the premature output of the lamp.
Multiple inclusions and power off lamps are undesirable, as they contribute to the cathode deformation and can reduce the life of the lamp. Therefore, when using lamps with frequent periodic breaks in operation, it is recommended for a break during the break not to turn off the heat, and even better reduce its voltage up to 80% of the nominal.
2. 1. Scheme of kV power amplifier with grounded grids (on lamps GI-7B, GI-7BT, GI-6B, GS-9B, GS-90B, GI-23B, G-46B, GU-50, G-811, GK-71)
If the output power of the transceiver is about 30 - 50 W, and the transceiver does not have adjustment of the output power level, the best option in this case is the construction of the amplifier according to the scheme with the overall grid (OS).
Shared grid amplifiers can work in any of the modes. The advantages of such amplifiers are good linearity, high energy indicators and stability, linearity of work in wide rangeSince the scheme with OS control grid is an electrostatic screen placed between the anode and the cathode, i.e. Between the input and output, and, while creating a good junction, allows you to increase the boundary frequency of the enhanced signals. The disadvantages include low input resistance, as a result of which the scheme has a small gain in power (cr. "10-20 times), therefore, for complete ripening, the amplifier requires a large resulting excitation power. The lamps intended for linear signal amplification in AB mode, in the OS scheme, it is not rationally, since it does not use their main advantage - a high gain coefficient. It is also not recommended to use those tetrods and pentoders, in which the rays-forming plates or a third mesh are connected to the cathode inside the lamp, as they are prone in this inclusion to self-excitation.
LAMP GI-7B, GI-7BT, GI-6B, GI-23B, GI-46B, GS-9B (option A). The following scheme is designed to collaborate with transceivers having an output power of 20-40 watts. To work with QRP or QRPP devices at the input of such an amplifier need 
enable an additional pre-amplifier. CAM The amplifier is made on two GI-7B triodes (since all the above listed lamps have about the same main electrical parameters and geometric dimensions, only the amplifier circuit on the Gi-7B lamps) is considered by a hybrid scheme with ground grids. The Gi-7B lamps in circuits with a grounded grid are steadily operated at frequencies of up to 500 MHz.
G-6B lamps differ from the LAMP GI-7B only by the upper boundary frequency, when working on a KV, it does not affect any way. In addition, the selection of these lamps is due to the following: Lamps Gi-7B in value are the most cheap lamps of this class and, therefore, they were widespread when the amplifiers are built. For example, in the markets of Ukraine, their cost is only 1 - 2 USD per piece, while, for example, the cost of Gu-72 - 15 USD, GMI-11 - 25 USD, GU-74B - 25 USD, 6P45C - 3- 4 USD. (Data is given for the summer of 2000).
Application in the amplifier of two lamps included in parallel allows to obtain a much greater anode current at a relatively low excitation power. The amplifier can be made on a single lamp, saving the same parameters (meaning the resulting and output), while the load on the lamp increases, the lamp operates at high currents, which can lead to overheating of the cathode and mesh, therefore, the durability and reliability of the amplifier It will be respectively lower, and in addition, to obtain the same output power, it is necessary to increase the excitation power. For one lamp, the rest current is respectively reduced twice, all other requirements are saved.
The cathode of the lamp includes a pre-amplifier on the field (biplanar) transistor VT1, which is connected, if necessary, depending on the output power of the transceiver using a K4 relay, the gain in power increases. When the gain in power is about 20 (13 dB), the output power of the transceiver used in conjunction with the amplifier must be 20-40 W. When the pre-amplifier is turned on, the amplification coefficient increases to 100 (20 dB), so the required excitation power decreases an order of magnitude and is only 3.0-5.0 W, i.e. In this case, the amplifier can be operated with almost any QRP transceiver (transmitter). When operating this amplifier, three options are possible:
a) It is assumed to constantly use the power amplifier only with a transceiver having a power of 20-40 W, while the need disappears in the preliminary amplifier and the K4 relay. In this case, the mounting holes in the chassis of the RF block under the K4 relay, the transistor VT1, the variable resistors R22, R23 are not drilled.
b) It is assumed to constantly use the power amplifier only with the QRP transceiver, which has a power of 3-5 W, is due to the need in the K4 relay. In this case, not worn. Installation openings under the K4 relay.
c) It is assumed to use the power amplifier both with QRP transceiver and with a transceiver having a power of 20-40 W. In this case, all holes are drilled in the chassis. Moreover, if you will use the Amplifier with the QRP transceiver, the input and output of the preamp is better to open on the closed contacts of the K4 relay and, accordingly, on the contrary, if you work with a powerful transceiver more often, the preamp is opening to open contacts of the K4 relay, that is, in any The case of K4 most of the time will be in a de-energized state.
It should be immediately stated that when building a universal amplifier, it should be borne in mind that in the above scheme, in the preliminary amplifier, it is best to use "current" transistors, i.e. Transistors that give maximum power at low collector voltages (drain). This is due to the fact that with anodic voltage of 1300 V (1500 V) used in the described scheme of the amplifier and the rest of the lamps, equal to 50-90 mA, the bias voltage for LAMPs Gi-7B is only 14-15 V (20 - 22 V ), But the same voltage is simultaneously used and to power the pre-amplifier. Normal supply voltage for KP904 is 40-50V, therefore, the resulting displacement voltage is not enough to obtain the maximum power from the transistor. This remark also applies to many other transistors. Therefore, with a given anode voltage, you do not fully use the advantages of the hybrid cascade.
trows VD1-VD4. In this case, the voltage at the cathode will be about + 80 V, while the lamp is reliably locked. When the amplifier is transferred to the transmission mode by pressing the PDA switch pedal, the parallel VD4 is turned on, reducing it by reducing the offset voltage on control grids, the lamps open. The current flowing through the contacts of the relay on the peaks of the anode current can reach the value of 1.0 A, so the relays must be used as a relay having
| powerful contacts, such as RES-47, RES-48, REN-34, etc. The equivalent resistance of the anode load of the cascade of about 1.3 (1.5) com. The input resistance of the cascade is about 30 ohms, so at the input power of 40 W voltage at the input of the amplifier will be about 35 V, and this will lead to the emergence of the grid current at the peaks of the input signal, i.e. the amplifier goes to the AB2 class, which is quite acceptable for SSB mode therefore, with a slight excess of the bias voltage, it is not scary, since the mesh current is insignificant compared to the total input current of the amplifier and the claims made at the same time |
Fig. 5 Board BP preamp. |
|
 Fig.6 Relay REN-34 |
location is insignificant. With the further increase in the signal level at the amplifier input, the nonlinear distortions at the outlet of the amplifier increase (the variable component of the anode voltage takes a pulse character, so harmonics appear at the output), so it is better to adhere to the calculated regime. In the case of the use of a hybrid cascade, an excess excitation voltage is easily extended by a decrease in the value of R23. In the same way, with a lack of excitation voltage, the value of R23 can be increased. The R22 variable resistor serves to adjust the rest current when replacing the lamps. | |
For the lamp Gi-7b, the power dissipated by the lamp anode is quite large and is 350 W. And although some authors write, for example, that in the "light mode" lamps can work and without compulsory blowing, I do not recommend using them in this mode. For the same reason, the wires coming from the slope of the heater and cathode clamps to fasten the conclusions of the heater and the cathode should be soldered to them only with a refractory solder, and even better fastened with screws through the washers, and not soldes, since in the case of overheating lamps, wires can Just disappear. The same requirements are also presented to the installation of the anode chains (this applies to work in competitions, when most of the time the amplifier is in transmission mode and the maximum heat release occurs).
Lamp gu-50. (Option f). PENTOD GU-50 In the scheme with ok is a small steepness, use it is impractical (if the input does not apply a pre-amplifier). The best option is to use it in the scheme from the OS. In the Scheme with the OS, the correct choice of the working point allows you to reduce the lamp resting current up to 10-15 MA compared to the OK scheme, where it is 40-60 MA, while heating the lamp in pauses is reduced, and the CCD Cascade and, respectively, the output power is growing, The lamp mode approaches V. in this case, the lamp gives the highest power - up to 110 W (by passport!).
The diagram is made on 3 lamps (you can apply four). The lamp is inconvenient because the anodic and grid conclusions are located together, which creates inconvenience when installing. If you get together the anodes, it is inconvenient to breed the input chains and, accordingly, on the contrary. The search for exit from this provision led to a solution to the installation of the basement of the RF unit in two floors (see Fig.12e3 and Fig.12E4). The anode and grid circuits are separated by a plaque-screen pos.106, for insulation of the anode circuits from the amplifier chassis. serves as a plate position 106a. Due to the fact that the anodes of the lamp are located below, it was necessary to reproduce and the location of the elements of the output P-circuit ("turn over" the entire installation), and the front panel was a little recomposed. When performing plumbing work, be careful. Otherwise, the scheme of features does not have.
In the circuit with the OS there are two options for turning on the lamp:
a) with grids grounded over RF (option F2), i.e. with the presence of nominal constant adhesions on the grids;
c) All grids are directly connected to the housing (option F1), while the lamp turns into triggers with a high gain coefficient. Since all grids are connected to the housing, the amplifier becomes very stable, and its linearity is no different from the amplifier with nominal constant voltages on the grids. In addition, with such an inclusion of the feed, no additional sources of stabilized voltage are needed for the on-screen and control grids, but it requires a greater power of the excitation and currents of the grids connected together, and the main part of the current is required to the control grid.
Lamp G-811. (option H). For a long time I did not want to deal with this option, since the lamp does not fit into the housing used for other options for amplifiers. But at the request of friends had to make this option. For the normal placement of the four lamps and compliance with the normal temperature mode inside the lamp compartment, it was possible to increase its width and height of 30 mm (on all drawings, parts for this option of the amplifier are shown in brackets). The amplifier can be performed on two, three and four lamps, the input resistance of the amplifier depends on the number of parallel lamps. The fact is that these lamps have a small inlet container, so they are conveniently used in parallel inclusion. In addition, they have a small resistance of anodic load, which gives a win on high-frequency bands. The amplifier circuit is shown in Fig. 2D.3. When reducing the amplifier, instead of domestic lamps G-811, use its foreign analogue - lamps 811-A.
Lamp GK-71 (option i). The difference of this scheme is that to match the high input resistance of the lamp used a whip type transformer. This circuitry solution simplifies the construct of the amplifier, eliminating the use of switchable input P-contours to each range. For full swing, the power of about 70 watts is required, UW3DI will suit this goal. To obtain output parameters, you must use to power the anode a voltage multiplication scheme by six.
As already noted above, the amplifiers built according to the OS scheme have a low input resistance of the RVX., Which complicates the coordination of the amplifier input with the output of the transceiver (transmitter) when they are jointly used. And RVX. Depends on both the range and the number of parallel lamps. With an increase in the number of RVX lamps. decreases. Infancy leads to the fact that the transmitter must have a supply of power for normal ripping. The easiest way out of this position is the coordination using the Avtotransformer RF amplifier at the input (see Fig.2.19). The transformer is wound on the ferrite ring permeability of 50 RF and contains 10-15 turns (usually 12). The diameter of the ring is 20-30 mm (depending on the inlet power), the diameter of the wire is 0.6-0.8 mm. The position of the outlet is selected at the maximum coordination on all ranges. Initially, the removal is taken from 7-8 turns, counting from the grounded end of the transformer winding. Similarly, the input of an amplifier made with a non-informator source of anode voltage is consistent. In this case, the transformer inclusion of windings is used and the coordination is carried out by changing the number of turns of the input winding.
2. 2KV Power amplifier according to a circuit with a shared cathode (on lamps GU-72, GMI-11, GU-74B, 6P45C, GU-50, M-807)
The circuits of all the reduced amplifiers are built according to a circuit with a shared cathode (OK). The circuit with a common cathode has a large input resistance, so it is sufficiently small power to excite it. Such an inclusion of the lamp allows you to get a large power gain (CR), so at the output power of your device 5 - 20 W, it is better to choose this option. The scheme is easily consistent with the previous cascades. However, too much the importance of the Kyrgyz Republic can cause an unstable work of the mind, or to its self-excitation, so when installing the Volch of the amplifier, all requirements must comply with. In addition, with an increase in the working frequency of the Kyrgyz Republic drops, so in the transceiver it is necessary to provide some power supply to obtain the desired output power of the amplifier to the RF bands.
Directly at the amplifier input, the load resistance is included with an output resistance of the transceiver 75 or 50 ohms, which improves the stability of the amplifier to self-excitation and at the same time is a load for a transceiver. On this resistor, a portion of the transceiver power drops (about 20%). The amplifier works steadily without it, but there may be problems with the coordination of some types of import transceivers having the ALC system. The resistance dispelfection is 8 W, when the power amplifier is supplied to the input, the resistance power should be increased (typing them from a larger number of resistors).
GU-72 lamp. (Option c) The amplifier works in the AB1 class when working in SSB, AM mode and class C when working in CW and RTTY mode. The power required to roll the amplifier is 8-12 W. The lamp mode Depending on the type of work, it is installed automatically selecting the displacement on the control grid of the lamp using a K2 relay, controlled by the switch of the s4 "SSB - CW". In the receiving mode on the control grid, the power amplifier lamp with the VD14 stabilion is supplied negative voltage -100 V, the amplifier lamps are securely locked. When contacting contacts 1 and 2 connector XP3 (pedal), the switch K2 and K3 is triggered. K3 relay with your contacts 4.5 turns off the antenna from the receiver input, and contacts the transceiver to the transmission mode 2.3.
Fig. 7 amplifier with transformer power on 2 lamps GU-72.
The c2 relay contacts are connected by the voltage divider R22 or R23 (depending on the selected radiation mode) and the negative voltage on the control grid decreases to the desired value corresponding to the lamp rest in this mode.
The main advantage of Tetrod GU-72 is that the anode lamp does not require a compulsory blowing, while the permissible power dissipated by the lamp anode is 85 W, therefore, with an amplifier made on two lamps, without applying additional measures to cool, you can shoot Power up to 350 W.
If the transceiver power you use is about 25-30 W, and the transceiver does not have adjustment of the output power level, then to prevent pumping the amplifier to the input, it is better to collect it according to the OS scheme (in this case with grids grounded by RF), As shown in Fig. 2.B (option C1). In such an embodiment of the lamp, the output power of the amplifier is obtained by a thirty more compared to the amplifier, made according to the scheme with approx. Installation of the amplifier is shown in Fig.16.6. 
GMI-11 lamp (variant C) pulse generator tetrod GMI-11 with a sufficiently small gas current (only 1.75 A at Un \u003d 26 V) has excellent characteristics. The act of anode lamp in the pulse is\u003e 14 A, the maximum allowable tension of the anode of 10 square meters. At the same time, it, like the GU-72 lamp, should not be blown away. This lamp is hard to "drive" even fans of a long "press" when configuring their "Power q" directly on the air and experiencing tremendous bliss, however, it is necessary to choose the right frequency correctly, for example, a rare DX, because here many will immediately appreciate the power And the quality of your wonderful PA, about which, by the way, you immediately and immediately in correct and flattering and report.
Fig. 8 amplifier with transformer power on the GMI-11 lamp.
The circuitry of the amplifier on the GMI-11 lamp is practically no different from the option b, only one lamp is used. The location of the lamp conclusions is completely coincided with the GU-72, and therefore, with some change of the construct of the amplifier collected according to the option B scheme, you can use two GMI-11 lamps in it, however, it should be remembered about thermal mode inside the amplifier housing and anode voltage source .
The lamp can also be used in the amplifier according to the scheme with the OS, collecting it according to the scheme shown in Fig. 2.B (option C1). Installation of the amplifier is shown in Fig. 16.11.
The GU-74B lamp (option d) is similar to the previous scheme and on the Lamp Gu-74B, the difference is that the bulb fan is turned on with the inclusion of the amplifier. The fan has a capacity of about 120 m³ / hour, while for blowing the lamp requires only 35 m³ / hour, it allows you to place it in the side of the lamp, but there is enough space in the housing to install it and from above. This lamp is specifically designed to enhance single-band signals (OM), therefore an increase in the bias voltage compared to the optimal to reduce rest current in this scheme is undesirable. At the same time, the oscillating characteristic is twisted in the region of small input signals. This mode is similar to the restriction of the telephone signal from the bottom, which leads to a deterioration in the signal intelligibility, the growth of nonlinear distortion and out-of-band radiation, so the use of these lamps loses any meaning. Based on this, when adjusting, installing a lamp resting current, it should be remembered that it is 300 mA in SSB mode. This lamp can also be used in the Amplifier variant collected according to the OS scheme.
Lamp 6P45C, 6P42C, 6P36S (E). Some radio amateurs fear to apply the TV lamps of the lower case in power amplifiers due to their thermal "fragility", others claim that such lamps are not suitable for the amplification of SSB. Of course, the share of truth in these two statements is. The thermal "fragility" (inability to withstand increased heated) can be simply excluded by producing a setting of the amplifier with short cycles (without keeping the key pressed until the lamp becomes crimson, and then it will take it) either using the "cold setting" of the output cascade. The restriction of the time of continuous operation of the lamps is caused by the fact that the TV lamps are intended for impulse work with quite large current amplitudes, but at their low duration, and not with permanent currents that support the lamp in open state. For a long time. However, TV lamps are quite satisfied Requirements for both professional and amateur communication equipment, when using "intermittent" (not permanent) signals: CW, SSB.
Before proceeding with the assembly and debugging of this option, the amplifier was collected on two lamps, published in, and two options were tested, both with a roll in the cathode and the grid. With anodic voltage of 750 V and the power at the inlet of the amplifier 7-10 W (when the grid, an aroded current of 600 mA was obtained almost on all bands.
As a result of the experiments, the experiments were established that the voltage on the screen grids of the lamps should be 180 - 200 V, as well as the passport requires a lamp. With a further increase in voltage on the second grid, when the amplifier is transferred to the transmission mode, even without supplying the excitation voltage, the lamps begin to spontaneously open, the anode current increases to 1.0 A and more, the anodes of the lamps are instantly becoming raspberry.
Of course, the anode voltage of 1330 V, for the lamps 6p45s, it is probably somewhat varying, but at such a voltage, the load resistance (RE) is obtained by more than in the amplifier described by the author, which makes it possible to obtain much smaller values \u200b\u200bof the P-circuit containers. And yet, in the amplifier on the lamps 6P45s, the load resistance is sufficiently low, which requires accordingly the large magnitude of the anode capacitor of the variable container. In the absence of the possibility of acquiring such a condenser, it is possible to make it from two, "spangling" to the main on each range (naturally where the capacitance of the main condenser will not be enough) a constant capacity capacitor or to replace it with a set of constant capacitance capacitors switched using the range switch . In this case, the ball variometer can be used to accurately adjust the anodic circuit into the resonance as inductance of the P-circuit. The variometer from the R-140 radio station is very well suited to the size and induction value of the inductance (Yar4.773.022).
In most lamps designed to work in the line scan, the transhelective distance is large enough, which allows them to be used with an increased anode voltage. The accumulated practical experience confirmed that such lamps can be forced with a decrease in their service life. With anodic voltage of 1000 V and above and at currents, far exceeding passport values. Just the lamps will have to change more often than when working within passport modes, but they can be found almost on any market and they are cheaper than generator lamps. In addition, at your discretion, you can always reduce the magnitude of the anode voltage, overhanging the taps on the secondary windings of the anode transformers.
In the manufacture of the amplifier, it should be borne in mind that the power consumed by each lamp (6P45C) by the heat is 18 W, therefore for powering four lamps at Un \u003d 6.3 V, it is necessary to obtain from a transformer 10a, which is somewhat problematic while maintaining small dimensions of the slurry transformer , Therefore, in order to possibly the use of a standard transformer of the TN series of a suitable size, the filaments of the lamps are turned on in pairs sequentially. Without a difference, what type you have chosen lamps for your amplifier, with parallel inclusion of lamps, you can (or rather, it will necessarily arise!) There are specific problems.
The subject of special attention should be considered an aode current obtained from each lamp in the bundle. The dynamic balance is essential, as it is important that none of the lamps in the combination of the Sadila "remains. If, for example, we will turn on in parallel four lamps 6P45s, having different steepness characteristics, then when working on transmission, one of these lamps will be load for others, others will swing up to the saturation current, which will lead to overheating, and in general, respectively to a decrease in the CCD Cascade, i.e. and reducing output power. The result of such work can be overheating lamps, their anodes together with glass cylinders can melt, and the latter can simply crack.
In the manufacture of this velocity of the amplifier, the lamps before installing into the circuit, it must be previously selected, or when adjusting the amplifier to adjust the offset voltage when the amplifier is full, the same anode currents of the lamps are installed (each individual). Lamp rest currents are usually different, but they are too small to affect the linearity of the amplifier as a whole or on the durability of the lamps.
This, by the way, concerns all other lamps if you use more than two in parallel inclusion. The ideal case is the selection of lamps as well as the characteristics of the steepness. For an amateur, this solution cannot be called successful, as it takes a large number of "material", from which you can "choose" lamps for use in RA (as a rule, do not have any radio amateurs), it may not afford not everyone.
Another difficulty founding with parallel use of lamps is a noticeable increase in the input and output capacitance. There is no need to say that with an increase in any of these quantities, the effect of shunting on RF, mentioned earlier, will appear. Certain and hard limits on the value of the upper frequency boundary also appear when the lamps are connected in parallel.
For example, the passport value of the input container of the lamp 6P45C is 40 PF, the output is 16 PF. Four lamps included in parallel will give the input capacity of 240 PF, output - 96 PF. The output capacitance can be absorbed by the anode circuit diagram (included in its scheme, neutralized), and, here, with the input capacity will have to do with the help of a matching device, i.e., not in the best way, which is done now in the power amplifiers transistors.
Galaxy presented 2 kW (ed) Power amplifier (Model 2000+), in which 10 lamps of the line exploration included in parallel. The amplifier worked in the AB1 class, "swinging" through a powerful confusing resistor and was performed according to the inclusion scheme with a shared cathode.
Since the ray-forming plates of lamps 6P45C (from this series only it) do not have a cathode compound inside the lamp housing, you can use them in the OS scheme, and in both versions: as with grids grounded over RF, i.e. with nominal constant voltages on grids; So and grids directly connected to the housing, as done for example, in. The inclusion scheme is shown in Fig. 2b (options for E1 - E2), and the installation of the RF part in Fig.16.17, Fig.16.18, respectively.
Note: Since the conductor connecting inside the lamp 6P45s an anode lamp with an anode cap is made of fine copper wire, which can be disappeared or simply melted when using lamps in the maximum power of your RA, it usually applies to work on RF bands, the amplifier must be enhanced forced Hood, using the fans from PC power supplies for this purpose.
Lamp G-807 (options G). As a long-term practice of using G-807 lamps showed, they work perfectly both in class C mode when used in telegraph mode and AB1 class mode when the single-band signal is gained. So that the lamps do not overheat at the same time, the most favorable mode of operation for lamps (meaning for four) UA \u003d 1200 V, UC2 \u003d 300 V (CW), UC2 \u003d 350-400 V (SSB), UC1 \u003d - 100 V, IA \u003d 80-100 on the lamp. Ra is about 3.3 com. That is our power source just satisfies all these requirements. With such modes, the lamp will retain their guaranteed performance more than 1500 hours.
The scheme of constructing the amplifier is shown in Fig. 2b (variants G1 - G2), and the installation of the RF part in Fig.16.24, Fig.16.30, respectively.
2. 3 two-stroke kV power amplifier (on lamps GU-72, 6P45C, 6P42C, 6P36S, G-50, Mr., G-811)
The advantages of constructing the amplifier circuit along the two-stroke scheme should include the following:
a) higher linearity and efficiency, compared with one-accomplished amplifiers;
b) much smaller compared to one-accomplished amplifiers the level of radiation of even harmonics;
c) the sequential inclusion of the input and output containers of the lamp to the contours corresponding to them, which reduces the initial capacity of these circuits;
d) a decrease in the voltage of an anode source is twice as compared to the usual inclusion scheme to obtain equal capacities;
e) Reducing the amplitude of the output signal twice, which allows to reduce the requirements for the gap of the condenser "hot" end of the output P-circuit
Disadvantages of the two-stroke scheme:
a) the need to select the lamps close to the parameters;
b) doubling the equivalent resistance of the output circuit, which can have a strong effect on the upper ranges.
In an amplifier constructed by a two-stroke scheme, the excitation voltage on the lamp mesh is supplied to antiphase (i.e., with a shift 180 °) from the opposite ends of the input transformer. The anodes of the lamps are similarly connected. The output circuit of the amplifier is included in the secondary winding of the output transformer. When symmetry, the current schemes of odd harmonics add up on load, currents of even harmonics are compensated. The average points of the transformer windings have zero potential (at high frequency), therefore, the offset voltage and the anode voltage are connected to them. However, due to the presence of some RF voltage on them associated with incomplete symmetry of them (average points), it is impossible to ground.
The amplifier, made on the two-stroke scheme, can work both in the schemes from the OS and in the schemes with approx.
A diagram of a two-stroke amplifier with OK, made on 4 lamps 6P45C (6P42C, 6P36C) (option E3), is shown in Fig. 2d1 The drawing of the incluster of the amplifier block is shown in Fig.16.19 and Fig. 196.20. Lamps 6P45C (only!) Can be used in the scheme with OS.
The diagram of the two-stroke amplifier with OS on the 4-GU-50 lamps (variant F3) is shown in Fig.2d24. The drawings of the installation of the RF block of the amplifier variants are shown in Fig. 16.21, fig.16.22 and Fig.16.23. GU-50 lamps can be used in the scheme with OK
At the inlet of the amplifier, an AEC is turned on, which increases the amplitude of the input signal by half and creates anti-phase signals to excit the amplifier's shoulders. A similar transformer at the output of the amplifier, on the contrary, reduces the amplitude of the output signal twice. Everything else is similar to previous schemes.
Similarly, the schemes are built on two GU-72 lamps and four G-807 lamps.
2. 4KV Power Amplifier with Bestrancentor (Combined) Power Supply
If you have no opportunity to purchase the necessary anode transformers for the manufacture of the amplifier or simply needed a lightweight, but quite powerful PA to work in the field or DX expeditions, where it is known to every excess kilogram during transportation not only "eats" your money, but also great Extlifies hands, any of the above-described amplifiers can be performed with a power supply collected by a combined pattern of the Li-combinated scheme. Often, at the same time, for obtaining anodic voltage, the doubling, tripling schemes are used, either custom-configuration or even utensils (I met even eight multiplication scheme) voltage of the supply network depending on the required power of the amplifier. The presence of modern small-sized electrolytic capacitors of a large capacity having a high operating voltage and the same leakage resistance allows you to perform tangle-informator high-voltage sources of the anode nutrition of the tube output caps of power amplifiers of a relatively small size, using a limitless power resource of such a power source as an industrial power supply. To obtain the voltage of the heat and the necessary service stresses, you can use a small transformer in weight and dimensions. In our case, when using voltage accounting, the amplifier is obtained easier than the basic on average for ten to thirteen kilograms. It does not make sense to use a voltage multiplication scheme for more than four times, since the weight of electrolytic capacitors used for this purpose, given their overall required capacity, and, accordingly, the amount becomes commensurate with weight, volume and price of the anode transformers.
Of course, there are no advantages without minuses. Some inconvenience appear, for example, the amplifier chassis in this case will no longer be a total minority power supply and should be galvanically isolated from the network.
It should be immediately warned: in order to safety the life of the operator, as well as the warnings of the failure of the equipment connected to the amplifier, the operation of this amplifier is possible only when the radio station has a reliable electro-technical grounding. Otherwise, the amplifier does not pose much more danger than any other device that has high-voltage power sources in its composition, the voltages of which are dangerous to human life.
Scheme of BestranFormator BP, using the principle of multiplying the supply of the supply network to obtain anodic voltage, i.e. Not containing deficient high-voltage transformers is shown in Fig. 1d. The scheme is designed to work from a single-phase AC network with a voltage of 220 V, one of the wires of which is zero.
Considering that with such a construct of the source of the anode voltage, it does not have a galvanic junction from the primary network, namely, this source consumes the highest power from the network. Therefore, to protect against penetration into a network of interferences created when the amplifier (ripples of the anode voltage), there was a need to include at the input of a radiopomm filter source consisting of capacitors C22, C23 and L7 choke.
With such a constructing of the circuit, there is no electropolive connection of the electrodes of the lamps with the body of the body's effort and, therefore, the housing with the supply network.
If you wish, you can add a scheme of an automatic starting device (PU) given to and providing proper phasing the supply network when the amplifier is enabled. Such a device is made on the relay K7, K8, the circuit of its inclusion is shown in Fig.1. The device is triggered only when electrotechnical grounding is connected to the radio station. When the PU is turned on, the following situations may occur:
a) With properly inclusion on the winding of the relay K2 through normally closed contacts K1, the mains voltage is supplied and the relay turns onto the relay (the relay K1 in this case remains all the time in a de-energized state).
c) If the phasing is broken, then when you turn on the K1 relay and its contacts "refap" the power chains, then the rectifier works as usual.
c) If there is no grounding, the power circuits of both relays are broken, and the relay will not work, while the BP simply does not turn on.
Thus, this start-up scheme allows you to include BP at any position of the fork of the network wire. True, the RPT-100 relay used in the diagram is quite deficit, so if they are missing, the scheme can be performed as shown in Fig. 1.1. Naturally, it is possible to do without it, but then each time the amplifier is connected to the network, you will need to control the correctness of the phasing of the supply network.
Actually, the voltage accountant itself is made according to a symmetric diagram with the best dynamic characteristics and a double frequency of pulsations of straightened voltage. The scheme includes C24 - C27, C1 - C8 capacitors and VD1 diodes - VD4. To ensure the level of ripples (UP \u003d 0.05% UA), which is required to operate the amplifier in a linear mode, the numerical value of the capacitors of each shoulder of the multiplier in the ICF must and correspond to the numerical value of the maximum power of the amplifier in watts. Resistors R1 and R2 are ballast, designed to protect diodes and fuses from overloads arising at the time of the power onboard. When anodic current is about 600mA (at the signal peaks), with the nominal sizes indicated on the diagram of these resistors, it drops on all about 4V and there are about 2.5 W power, therefore, there is no need to turn them off after the charge of capacitors. In the same way, both BP is operated according to the voltage doubling scheme. The rest of the BP scheme and the actual amplifiers correspond to the above and does not need it in the explanation.
When repeating the scheme, we should not forget that the lamp cathodes will be under high potential relative to the amplifier housing. To increase the reliability of the BestranFormator Amplifier Scheme, it is best to use lamps with insulated cathodes (i.e., lamps having indirect heating), and in the case of the application of direct heat lamps, the transformers of factory production from the series are best used to power the rolling chains. TN and CCIs that have reliable insulation both between windings and between windings and housing. In the manufacture of self-made transformers, special attention should be paid to this issue, since the reliability of your amplifier depends on it.
Practically any, of the amplifier schemes given in this brochure can be used to work with a bat-trifle power supply unit. The scheme for implementing the amplifier on two lamps GI-7B is shown in Fig. 2c (AB option).
With an excitation power of 25 W, the amplifier is in an antenna 400-450 W on the load of 75 ohms and about 500 W at a load of 50 ohms on all amateur bands. The amplifier is characterized by a magnificent linearity of the gain in the entire frequency range.
Fig. 8 Amplifier with BestranFormator power on 2 lamps GI-7B
In order to join and protect the output cascade of the transceiver, the excitation voltage is supplied to the L6 throttle III. Condensatory C14 is needed in case for any reason there will be an intersless closure of L6. Thanks to its presence, the transceiver will not suffer.
The permeability of the rings used to wind the throttle may have to choose. The fact is that the rings produced by various plants are irrevocated at different frequencies. Therefore, if possible, it is necessary to make two or three chokes, for example, 2000nn, 1000nn and 600 - 400 NN and get into turns in turns through the circuit diagrams, and leave naturally the one in which the output power is more uniform in the ranges, if of course you do not want to have Somewhere to rise in the amplification on one of the ranges (for example, to compensate for the non-uniformity of the transceiver output power).
For the isolation with the antenna and at the output of the amplifier, you can also apply the ACTP shown in Fig. 2.12, but included according to the transformer scheme 1: 1, or to increase the strip of satisfactory matching - 2: 1 (the transformer in this case is wound in three wires). Changes that need to be made in this case in the scheme are shown in Fig.Hx
When using this amplifier to work with the QRP transceiver, it should be added pre-amplifier The scheme made according to any album, but it is better to use the scheme Fig.2.15, this will make it possible to simultaneously make the output of the transceiver output from the Bestrazing Formator BP of the amplifier. The winding of the I transformer T1 in this case is the winding of the III of the throttle L6.
When using an amplifier made according to a touch-transformer power scheme, it is better to also add an antenna switch to work in the field. The circuit of the switch is depicted in Fig. 17 - Fig.2.18.
Fig. nine A amplifier with batraniforous power on 4-lamps 6P45C, with a built-in antenna switch.
To do with three tops for switching four antennas (four do not fit into appearance), I had to apply the MT-3 dual padlings and place them on the rear panel of the amplifier. When choosing any of the antennas 2 - 4, the antenna 1 automatically turns off. The switching of the switch is shown in Fig. 15AV (the switch relay is installed at the location of the anode transformer on the bracket pos.117, which is attached to the rear panel of the amplifier).
If you still think that at such a power of the amplifier, you still do not respond well, you can still slightly increase the power of the amplifier assembled according to the batter-informator power scheme, collecting the source of the anode power according to the multiplication scheme of the voltage by six, as it is shown in Fig.1E4.
With this constructing of the BP scheme, the magnitude of the anode voltage will increase to 1800 volts (idling). In this case, the magnitude of the anodic voltage drawdown under load depends only on the capacity of the capacitors used in multiplier.
Fig. 10 amplifier with batraniforous power on 3 lamps GU-50.
The voltage multiplication scheme for six consists of two doubling schemes. Upper - C1, C2, C4-C7, VD1, VD2 and Lower - C8, C9, C11-C14, VD5, VD5. Each of these doubling schemes gives 600 V.. But since the voltages at the points of connection VD1, VD2 and VD5, VD5 are 300 V than in the Figure 5 scheme, the input separation capacitors had to put the same capacity, but twice (600 V ) Voltage. Both of these doubling schemes are "maintained from the bottom" with the voltages "+300 V" and "- 300 V", which are obtained from conventional single-alterogenic rectifiers collected on VT3, C3 and VD4, C8, respectively. The amount is obtained 1800 V (600 + 600 + 300 +300).
When applying this scheme, first of all, increased attention should be paid to the insulation of the cathode chains - in this embodiment there may be peak voltage relative to the grounded housing to 1200 V. It is not less than that voltage (and even better - with two or three folds ) The insulation of the slope transformer must be calculated, as well as (when applied) input transformer. Working voltage for C19 and CP capacitors for the reliability of the design should be 2.5 - 3.5KV. The use of the start-up circuit collected on R26, C28, K1A, in this case it is necessary. The design and installation of the modified power supply is shown in Fig. 12g.
To collaborate with a combined transformer power supply, it is very convenient to use the constructing of the amplifier itself along the two-way scheme. In this case, the electroplating of the amplifier circuit from the AC network is automatically obtained by using at the inlet and output of the separation broadband transformers amplifier (see. Fig. 15.3, 15.4 and Fig. 16.3, 16.4, 16.6.
The design of the modifications of all the above amplifier circuits is shown in Fig.16Dop.1 - Fig.16Dop.24
Details of amplifiers
When designing amplifiers, the emphasis was applied to the use of standard factory parts, widely used in household apparatus and available in many radio amateurs. The exception is the anode and the slight chokes, the coils of the P-circuit of the RF and the LF ranges.
Anode throttle is one of the most important elements of the scheme, therefore, it is necessary to refer to its manufacture with serious attention. So at low inductance, i.e. The power distribution is commensurate with the inductance of the anodic circuit, and in the event of a sequential resonance on one of the working ranges of the amplifier, the "suction" of the power occurs, the throttle is greatly warmed up and can even be charred. The same can happen if you perform contact conclusions in the form of a closed turn from magnetic material. The throttle L1 must be designed for current up to 600 mA, its design is shown in Fig. 12c.
Fig. 11. Anode choke
The throttle is made on the frame of fluoroplast with a diameter of 20 mm, the frame length is selected depending on the lamps used. This is done for the convenience of installation, it is necessary that the output of its "hot" end was at the same level with the output of the lamp anode. Winding is carried out with a PELSHO wire with a diameter of 0.4 - 0.5 mm. 16 meters of wire are taken for winding.
The choice of length is based on the fact that, with such a length of the wire, the throttle will not be a half-wave repeater in any of the amateur ranges. The first 15 turns are wound in a step of 2.0 mm, a spiral gap is cut to obtain the required step on the frame, then 40 turns are wound to the turn to the turn, and the remaining wire is wounded by the "Universal" (option A) so that the turns are "not sailed", they are additionally Copyright "moment" or soaked with varnish. At both ends of the frame of the silver-plated wire dia. 1.0 - 1.2 mm. Contact conclusions are made that pass through the framework, and the throttle conclusions are soldered. The resulting throttle has the inductance of about 500 - 600 μH and works fine on all kV bands. The choke frame is attached to the chassis with a brass screw M4, for which the hole is drilled from the frame of the carcass. 15 mm threads.
When mounting with a steel screw, it should not get to the location of the coil, otherwise the screw will turn into a core. The frame can be taken and the factory ceramic. In the event that you have a problem with winding type "UNIVERSAL", the throttle is winding up to the turn to the turn, and to increase the inductance in the NF part of the throttle inserted a segment of the round ferrite rod dia. 8 mm from a magnetic antenna of radio receivers with a length of 50 mm (option B). The throttle can also be covered entirely on a round ferrite rod from the magnetic antenna of pocket p / receivers either on a ferrite ring with a diameter of 30-40 mm, for example, as this is done in the R-130 radio station. The ring is pre-wrapped with fluoroplastic ribbon (lacket). In the latter case, it is better to apply the MHTF wire for winding.
To the L8 choke used in the cathode of the lamp, much smaller requirements are imposed. It is wound on fluoroplastics frame dia. 18 mm, the winding is underway to the turn to the twist also with a PELSHO with a diameter of 0.4 - 0.5 mm before filling the space between the outputs (see Fig.12d).
The choke L2 uses the factory production choke of DM-0.1 with an inductance of 250 - 500 μg, similar chokes are used as L1, L2 KSV meters.
Fig. 12. The design of the throttle L3.
Coil L4 frameless, coil diameter 60 mm, number of turns - 6.5, winding step - 7 mm, wound with a copper tube with a diameter of 5 mm. The tube can not silver, as the coil quality is obtained large and silvering does not add anything. Taps on the coil are made from 2nd Wit. - 10 m., 2 ½ WIT. - 12 m., 3½ Vit. - 15 m. And 4½ WIT. - 17m. These are detrimental, since you can slightly reduce the diameter of the coil, depending on the size of the anode capacitor, the number of turns will increase, or to be mistaken in the distance between the turns in the manufacture of coils, so it is made with some "reserve". It is about 3 turns, when tuning up too much Sinks. On the "hot" end of the coil, the thread of the M5 is cut, which the coil is screwed into the C17 condenser, in the second end the coil feels the silver wire. 1.2 -1.5 mm, it is attached to the range switch (skipping the switch contacts).
Fig.13. Construction of the coil L 4
|
Table 4.
|
Taps from the coil are also made by the silong wire dia. 1.2-1.5 mm. Considering the fact that HF \u200b\u200bcurrents occur only on the surface of the conductors, the L4 coil can be made from the bimetal. It, as well as L5, has been completed according to the recommendations given in the "Hand-Book" journal in 1986 based on the output power (see Table 4)
With this diameter of the wire, they do not overheat the currents flowing through the P-circuit. If for the manufacture of the coil L 4 you use a thin-wing tube, then when cutting the threads in it, you need to insert something (pour the shift) so that the plate does not rush the edge of the tube. Copper metal "Capricious", so to cut the threads you need to use only a new cry. If the tube diameter is slightly less than 5 mm, the end of the tube should be slightly flatten. In other cases, the end of the coil, which is screwed into the condenser, can be performed in accordance with Fig.12b.
Fig.14. Construction of the coil L 5
The L5 coil is wound on the frame of fluoroplastic (ceramics) with a diameter of 50 mm, the winding step is 2.5 mm (on the frame to fasten the turns and ease of winding, spiral grooves are also cut. The depth of the grooves must be at least half the diameter for winding the wire). For the winding, the PEL wire is used - 1.2 - 1.5, the number of turns of the coil - 25. The taps are made respectively from the 4th VIT. - range 30m; 8th Vit. - 40m; 15th Vit. -80 m ..
As L5, the coil from the R-104 radio station approval device, made on a ceramic framework. In the absence of a frame of the desired diameter, the coil is very easy to recalculate under the existing frame.
For single-layer cylindrical coils, whose
the winding length is equal to or more than half of the coil diameter, the calculation of inductance is carried out by the formula:
L \u003d d²' n² / (45d + 100L),
where L is the inductance of the coil, ICGN; D - coil diameter, cm;
n - the number of coil turns; L is the winding length of the coil, see
For our data, the coil L5 - D \u003d 5 cm, n \u003d 25, L \u003d 6.25 cm, substituting these values \u200b\u200bin the formula we obtain L \u003d 5²'25² / (225 + 625) ≈ 18.38 μg, and, if The diameter of the wire decreases while maintaining the winding length, the inductance will be 1 - 2% less.
Now we will produce recalculation of the number of turns of the coil, for example, for the diameter of the frame of 3.5 cm. In this case, the size of the frame diameter is reduced by 30%, therefore, to preserve the constant inductance, it is necessary to increase the number of turns by 30%, or about 8 turns. Thus, the resulting coil will have 33 turns.
Fig.15. The design of the throttle L6.
The throttle L6 is wounded by two folded wires on the ferrite ring permeability 400 - 2000, the ring diameter is 40-50 mm. This diameter size is taken for the convenience of winding, it can be less. One square of the ferrite cross-section holds 300-5 W power (various sources are given different power values) to its design there are much smaller requirements than to the anode throttle. The throttle windings should be calculated on the flowing current of up to 4 A (5 A in the case of the application of lamps 6P45C). For a blow-transformer version of the amplifier on lamps GI-7B, GK-71
Winding is carried out in three wires, and the excitation winding wire has a smaller diameter, because It passes only the power of excitement, and the ring itself in this case should have the permeability of 400 - 1000, this also applies to the use of the preamplifier collected in Fig.2.15. The ring before winding must be wrapped with fluoroplastic ribbon or lacket. Number of turns 8-12. (For Lamp GK-71 Winding III - 20 turns). Their amount is not critical and does not produce a noticeable effect on the operation of the amplifier, so the winding is carried out simply before filling the perimeter of the core. But it makes no sense to wind, because Just increases the resistance of the throttle, which leads to losses in it. The MGSV-0.75 wire is very convenient to wind the choke with a double network wire having a double isolation. The choke works well on all kV bands. Block the choke in the HF capacitors is not necessary. When installing, the throttle is located near the cathodes of lamps and is attached using two washers from the insulating material of children. 75 and the screw M4. If you drill holes for the lamp panels using a centrobore, do not dispose of the resulting washers, with their help you secure the throttle L6, it also concerns L7. In one of the washers, the hole should be a diameter of 3.2 mm, in the other for the thread M3, it is necessary so that it is possible to press the throttle winding to the ring, attaching it in this way.
L7 interference filter choke is wounded with two folded MHSV-0.35 wires or double-to-network wire on the Ferrite ring permeability of 2002 and contains 20 turns, the diameter of the ring 50mm. The design and fastening of the throttle are similar to L6.
The input transformer T1, used in the two-stroke scheme of the amplifier, is wound on the annular core from ferrite RF 50 with an outer diameter of about 20 mm. With its absence, ferrite can be used and with permeability of 100-600 without noticeable deterioration of transformer parameters. The winding of the transformer winding is carried out poorly twisted conductors and contains 6 turns. The output transformer T2 is wound on two, folded together rings from the Ferrite MN1000 with a diameter of 55 mm, pre-wrapped with fluoroplastic ribbon (used rings from the transformer of the R-130 radio station of the R-130 radio station). For the winding used the twisted wire MGTF-1.5, threefold (about five twists per centimeter). Winding contains 8 turns. When installing the transformer, special attention should be paid to the correctness of its conclusions.
The C1-C8 capacitors dresses the PCV tube of the corresponding diameter or a shrink tube, instead you can simply wrap it with a "scotch", it will fight from the failure of a high-voltage rectifier if anyone (some Hi!) Conductors are hosted. If there is no possibility to find washers (pos.68) under capacitors, they can be made independently, applying a naked copper wire with a diameter of 1.2-1.5 mm for this purpose as shown in Fig.12b (part 68a). To improve contact, the wire is better to pre-lead, this will prevent further from oxidation. Bracket for fastening C24 -.C27 Poster 113 can be prepared from the EU series power supplies either to make a drawing.
Anode condenser - two-section from old broadcast lamp radio receivers with a capacity of 2 x 12-500 PF, the rotor and the stator of which are pre-shredded through the plate, while the gap between the condenser plates will be about 2 mm, and maximum capacity Sections 120 PF, sections are included in parallel. The breakdown voltage after thinning (constant) is 2500-3500 V (depends on the care of the assembly after the condenser alteration). A variable capacitor from the device for matching the R-104 radio station coordination device is very well suited for this purpose (the capacity of each section of 12 - 500 PF), and the condenser from P / ST RSB-5, having a capacity of 45 - 230 PF, can also be taken for this purpose. An eccentric is enshrined on the axis of this capacitor, which, when turning the axis of the rotor of the capacitor, 180 ° closes the contacts of the switch located on the capacitor housing. To be able to operate in the range of 160 m, it is necessary to reconstruct an additional capacitor with a capacity of 150-220 PF Type K15U-1 or KSO-6, which is turned on in parallel to the main condenser (do not forget to reduce the output power of the amplifier to the allowed 10 W! HI !). So that the condenser works well in the range of 10 m, it is necessary to shoot or drill the bottom and side walls of its housing, since its initial capacity will decrease to 30 PF and the capacitor can already be used. To further reduce its initial capacity, it is necessary to cut the upper part of the stator plates by 2-3 mm. You can not do this, but to include a short capacitor condenser consistently, but this option complicates the design, because The main capacitor case in this case should be isolated from the amplifier chassis. The condenser from the P / ST "Seagull" is suitable, its capacity of 6 - 600 PF, as a result of which the tuning on the upper ranges is obtained very acute, but in parallel it can be hanging a capacitor of type K15U-1 (KSO-6) with a capacity of 15-20 PF, which Decides this problem. But still, in any case, the anode capacitor should have as little initial capacity as possible.
If you still failed to get anything from the above, in this case you can create a condenser of two capacitors, as shown in Fig.2.19 - Conductor Conductor CP 5,600 - 6200 PF and two-section alternating from a conventional receiver with a capacity of 2 '12 ¸ 495 PF (the condenser is pre-thinned through the plate. The maximum capacitance of the capacitor will be 220 PF) included in series. Capacitance capacitors included sequentially equal
C \u003d C1'C2 / (C1 + C2).
In our case, Cmin \u003d 5600'24 / (5600 + 24) \u003d 23.9 PF, the case Cmax \u003d 5600'220 / (5600 + 220) \u003d 212 PF, thus obtained a condenser 24 ¸ 212 PF.
It is possible for this purpose to use one two-section capacitor from the usual receiver 2 '12 ¸ 495 PF, including its section sequentially, as shown in Fig.21. With this inclusion, the capacitor body must be isolated from the chassis. The condenser fastening is shown in Fig.12f1. Condenser screws M4 is attached to the fiberglass plate pos.106, and the plate through three bushings posing 1320 screws M4 pos.103 - to the front panel of the amplifier. The axis of the condenser is satisfied and fixed by screw M3 axis pos.107.
An antenna condenser having four sections (the capacity of each section of 12-510 PF), from Aviation Radio Compasses ARK-5 or ARK-7, or from P / Art. R-104 or from a matching device of the same R / Art. If you use the amplifier in the mode of the maximum possible output power, it is better for greater reliability also to break (the condenser from P / ST R-104 does not need to cut forward, it has a sufficient clearance ). If it turns out that the maximum capacity of the antenna capacitor is small (as it is shredded) or it was not possible to find such a capacitor, you can put a three-piece two-piece, and in parallel, depending on the range, you can connect constant capacity capacitors using two free sections to connect them. Range switch.
In this case, in the Protesting of the amplifier settings on the ranges where the C21 container is not enough, its rotor is installed in the middle position, and parallel C21 is connected to the auxiliary capacitor of the variable container and it is set to configure, then the value of its container is measured, and it is replaced by a constant capacity capacitor, and it is replaced by a constant capacity capacitor. required value. For this purpose, it is best to use CVI type capacitors or KSO-6, having sufficient allowable reactive power and operating voltage. These capacitors are fixed using soldering on the side wall of the antenna condenser C21 (see Fig. 12c).
On the drawing of the front panel of the reinforcement of the capacitor mounting C20, C21 are not specified, since their location depends on the specific type used by the condenser.
To switch the taps of the P-circuit coil when switching from the range to the range, a gallery switch 11P-5H is used. Three of his gallets included in parallel for greater reliability serve actually to switch the taps, although thanks to the possibility of "cold" settings, the overvollated mode of the output stage is practically absent. The two remaining gallets included in parallel are used to connect if you need additional capacitors of constant container to the antenna condenser. Before installing the switch, it must be modified. The fact is that the taps of the ranges of 10-18 meters are made by silver-free wire dia. 2.2 mm, which is wider than the holes in the contacts of the switch and do not dwell into it. It is necessary to make them wider. This goal is used awl or "gypsy" needle. By inserting sewed into the opening of the contact, and rotating it, gradually achieve this diameter to entered the wire. It is done gently so as not to break the edges of the contact and not damage the lamel itself.
As a TP3 transformer, the TA-163 220 / 127-50, or TPP-287, can be used for the B and C amplifier variants. For variants of the amplifier A, E, the TN-53 220 / 127-50 TN-55 220 / 127-50, TN-56 220 / 127-50, TN-57 220 / 127-50, (or any of the TN series corresponding to current and power, or TPP-287, according to Tables 2-3). For version D - TN-57 220 / 127-50 (at the same time, the circuit of the VL1, VL2 and VL3 lamps, VL4 will need to be connected in pairwise).
Possible options for replacing TP.1-TU.2 Without loss of power of the amplifier are shown in Table 1. To wind the transformers, with independent manufacture, the tape iron type PL 20'40 - 80 is used.
Button S1 - PKN41-1-2, S2-S6 buttons with independent fixation, installed on a common planke, and S6 is installed only when used in the "Bypass" mode in the amplifier.
Fig. sixteen. Relay design TK52PT and RP-2
As a K3, the relay from the power amplifier of the power of the P-105 radio station is used (its old name RP-2). Instead, you can use the relay from the TKU52 series, best of all TK52Pc. In this case, the bracket is used to fasten it. Children's bracket is used, and the holes are drilled on the wall of the BP. 3.2 mm according to fig.10.
Lanterns for signal lamps are used from power supplies, engineering consoles, etc. Devices included in the EU-1022, EU-1045, etc.
Instead of light bulbs, you can apply LEDs, for example, al307, which are powered by a source for powering relays. In this case, the LEDs turn on through resistors MLT-0.25 with a nominal value of 2.7 - 3.0 kΩ (at a voltage of 24 V) or 1.2-1.5 com (at a voltage of 12 V). LEDs are installed on a printed circuit board, which is attached to the front panel using the sleeves. 74, similar to the buttons. For this purpose, the holes are additionally drilled in the front panel. 3.2 mm. So that the LEDs are tightly included in the holes, adjust. The drawing of the printed circuit board for the installation of LEDs is shown in Fig. 13 (PM.4), and the inclusion scheme in Fig.2.13, respectively, drilled for their fastening in the front panel
Shunts RSH1 and RS2 are wound with nichrome wire on resistors MLT-2 resistance of at least 100 com. If possible, it is best to use ready-made resistors type C5-16T of the desired resistance or, if there is a C5-16t of greater nominal, make the required of them. As it is known, the resistance is a linear value, so C5-16T disassembled, the length of the wires, which it is wound, is measured, and the piece is cut off, the length of which corresponds to the desired resistance (see chapter 1).
G-7b lamps are fastened with homemade clamps for the conclusions of the grid in the holes cut into the chassis, the standard panels are used to attach the lamps of the remaining types, which naturally does not exclude the use of homemade. In their manufacture, it should be borne in mind that the contacts of the conclusions must be reliable (this applies to the conclusions of the heater and the cathode, where large currents flow and in the presence of transitional resistance they will be heated strongly).
Fig. 18. Plata 1.
The transistor used in the cathode of the lamp of any, with a boundary frequency of not lower than 100 MHz and a collector current (drain) of at least 2 A, operating voltage of the transistor collector 30 V.
Elements of the power supply R7-R13, C9- C10, VD5-VD6 are placed on PRINT PRINT CAPTER 1. The elements C13 - C14, VD15 - VD16 - on the board. Page 3 Drawings of the boards and the placement of it elements are shown in Fig.13.
Sleeves pos.71 - pos. 73 used ready - from the switch 11p-5n, or you can apply homemade.
The fan, in order to reduce the level of noise created by them, it is desirable to install on the bracket through the rubber bushings or completely in rubber.
Washers under C1 - C8 capacitors pos.69, employees for insulation of capacitors' enclosures installed on both sides of the chassis - polystyrene, they, like the washers pos.68, are used by factory manufacture. In the absence of these piles, the BP chassis can be made of 4 mm thick from a fiberglass (using a thinner chassis material will be fed), but it will be necessary to adjust the position of the holes on the front wall of the BP, which serve for attaching transformers Tr.1, TP.2 .
Screws and nuts used for fastening the clamps on the anodes and cathodes of lamps, C19 condenser, L5 - brass cycular.
Fig. 19. CSW meter
KSV-meter. As an alternating resistor R19 in the KSV-meter scheme, it is better to use a paired potentiometer, in which both halves have closer characteristics, such as PP3, since the accuracy of the testimony of the KSW meter depends on this. When applying as P1 and P2 devices with a current of complete deviation of less than 1.0 mA on the CF-meter board, a resistor R3 'is set to a resistor R3, which is selected depending on the sensitivity of the applied instrument. When applying the device at 1.0mA instead of R3 'a jumper is put.
Diodes applied in the scheme can be both germanium and silicon, such as GD507, KD522A (better apply Germany).
Strip capacitors - PDAs, CPVM, current transformer is made on the ring core size K12'6'4.5 from Ferrite M50VN-14. The primary winding is a segment of silver-plated wire with a diameter of 0.8 - 1.0 mm, which has grown through the ring, the secondary winding - 30 turns of the PEV-2 wire 0.25. The KSV-meter scheme is mounted on a glassware of a fiberglass, the drawing of the board is shown in Fig. 13b. The board is installed in the basement of the BP chassis and is separated by the shielding partition from the rest of the amplifier mounting.
4. Construction and order of amplifier assembly
Now, when you carefully familiarized yourself with the description of the options for amplifiers and the corresponding drawings, only after familiarizing and the specific choice of the amplifier variant, depending on your requirements and capabilities, as well as the transceiver used for the operation, boldly proceed to work. It will save you from unnecessary work and errors when marking and drilling holes (and I am from nightmarish dreams at night).
All drawings are made in full size, it is done with the purpose of that in the absence of some size in the drawing, it can easily be removed from the drawing.
It should be recognized that when constructing an amplifier, one of the basic laws of design was violated - the dispersion of all components of its parts. "That mainly relates to the rear panel. This is explained by the fact that the placement of the connectors on the front side of the panel allows you to hide all the flaws made by drilling holes in the panel when it is manufactured at home, as well as refuse the falsefield. Otherwise, not to spoil the appearance of the amplifier, all work would have to perform with special care.
The assembly drawing of the amplifier *, made on the scale of 1: 1.34 (the scale is taken with such a calculation so that the assembly drawing is fully felt on the standard sheet of format A3), shown in Fig. 15 - Fig.16. Resistors R15, R17 in Fig.16a, b, d, e and f are located under the resistors R14 and R16, respectively. The drawing of the layout of the base amplifier harness (in the manufacture of various modifications of amplifiers, you need to adjust the wire table), which coincides with the scale of the assembly drawing, is shown in Fig.14.
The drawing of the harness is made on paper with a grid applied to it, a grid step 1 cm. For the convenience of reading the assembly drawing, the harness is not shown on it, but if you have difficulty assembly, you will always be able to combine these drawings. For the same reason, removals from the coils L4 and L 5 are not shown.
The design of the BestranFormator amplifiers is distinguished only by the fact that the chassis of the RF block (pos.5) and the BP are made of 4 mm thick with a glassstolide, and from above on the chassis of the RF block is installed subassee from duralumin the thickness. 2mm (pos.5a), the sizes and configuration of which depend on the type of lamps used.
The dimensions of the front panel of the amplifier housing were selected in due time in relation to the size of the radio-77 transceiver, and for the Ether-M transceiver, for example, it is better to make a 380 mm wide width. Everyone can decide the 'that question in its own way. The enhancer body is divided into three compartments. In the first compartment, the compartment of the power supply is located transformers Tr.1 - T.3, electrolytic capacitors C1 - C8, C12; In the 2nd compartment there is an anodic circuit unit, where separator, anode and antenna capacitors are located, band coils, a range switch, a switching relay K3 antenna reception from receiving transmission. The third compartment is a high-frequency unit (lamp), where the amplifier lamps are located, anode choke, fan blowing the anodes of lamps, arrowheads. The high frequency unit is replaceable, its design depends on the type of lamps used in the amplifier. The anode chains of the RF unit are separated from grid circuits and horizontal chassis chains.
Before assembling, all panels are carefully cleaned with fine-grained emery paper ("zero"), if possible, it is better to process them better.
The Fake Panel, the front panel of the amplifier, the power supply panel and the rear panel are interconnected by the screeds of the circular section pos. 8 - pos.13, and the rashboard and the front panel for beauty are attached to the screeds of chrome-plated screws M5. In the installation site of the front panel of the power supply, the screeds are connected to each other with studs M5 pos.14. The chassis and partition block of the RF block, the power supply chassis are attached to the screeds using M3 screws. The cross section of the screed may be square, simply in the design were used from the power supply units "Minsk-32".
All controls, indication and switch devices are removed on the front panel. On the back of the rear panel there is only a switch "2 - 3", which, when working it almost does not have to use. All connectors are on the rear panel. The front panel drawing does not show the holes for fastening the capacitors of the variable container, since their location depends on the specific type of applied capacitors.
The upper and lower cover of the housing (Option A) are attached to the front and rear panels of M3 screws with washers and engravers with the help of buses posing. 15 or corners 17a. In the manufacture of the housing according to variant b, the lids are connected together on both sides with M3 screws with washers and engravers using the planks pos.109, pos.110.
To give the commodity type, the fakes should be divided according to the drawing Fig.3. When making an amplifier at home, this work is performed as follows: the panel is carefully degreased, then heats up on a regular home electric stove (tile), and finally, it turns onto the selected color of the paint ml (preferably any color other than black, because. No white carcass). True, the inscriptions can be performed with red ink, but the contrast is lost). If possible, before painting, it is best to pre-apply a layer of soil. Use for painting the front panel Emale PF is undesirable, she reacts with a tap-lacquer, while the coating begins to pour. An inscriptions are applied across the stencils of Tsushya "Kalmar" in accordance with your chosen amplifier option. The inscriptions are then fixed with a colorless pin-lacquer. It turns out a good look. The inscriptions can also be performed using a translated font (by the way, there is a white font). In this case, before applying the layer of the zapon-varnish, they must be fixed with a lacquer (for example, "charm"). There is another way. The drawing of the front panel with all inscriptions is performed in mirror mapping on the computer and printed on laser printerIt is then applied to the fakes and through the fabric thoroughly strokes the hot iron. Similarly, printed circuit boards are manufactured. To make a good drawing on the board, the drawing must be driven through a printer 2-3 times.
In order to be in the inscriptions there were defects, the panel should be smooth, and, in addition, before this, it is best to pre-practice the color of the body can be made with aerosol paints that are sold on car markets for tints, but it turns out much more expensive.
The case is painted by enamel PF or other at your discretion. Figure 17 presents two options for the manufacture of the housing, as they will be able to use any of these options (by the way, the second option was born due to the lack of a large metal metal).
How great would not have been your desire, do not hurry to start mounting (I know, but in addition to unnecessary work, it did not give anything). The assembly and installation of the amplifier must be started only after the entire volume of the plot and painting of all necessary parts and panels is fully fulfilled.
First from the bottom of the chassis with the head screws m3 with heads wishes inside the sleeves pos.71 and the MS3 mounting racks, MS4 pos.62, then the chassis is installed on the chassis post.13, they are attached from the bottom by the chassis screws M3 through two sleeves Children. 73 each (on these The bushings are then installed printed circuit boards 1 and 2). Next, the TPER 1 transformers are installed on the chassis on the chassis, and TP1.- TP2. M6 mounts both to the front panel of BP and the chassis, which is the basis of the rigidity of the whole design, the transverse stiffness create ties. For mounting to the chassis BP bracket pos 113, with the C24 - C27 capacitors installed on it, the same holes are the same holes as for fastening transformers. Transformer TP.3 is mounted with M5 screws to the chassis. After that, they fall to the conclusters of the ends of the harness and the harness is refilled into the chassis basement, on top of the chassis through the insulating washers of children. From the bottom of the chassis on the brackets Children.21 (Children.21A) is set (C1 (K1A) RES34 relay, then they brought to the screed screws M4 Rear Panel Mind, with the connectors pre-installed on it and the fuse holders (naturally it should be already painted) .
The front panel of the BP is installed, the planks are preliminarily attached to it. Pos.22 - 2pcs., Pos.23 (23a) with diodes and stabilids, MS5 and MC6 mounting racks, pos.78 bracket, and, if necessary, the K3 relay installed on the bracket pos.105. The panel itself is attached to TP.1 - TP.2. In the top of the design, the front panel of the BP and the rear panel of the mind connects to each other with the help of the screeds of Children.12. Next, the harness is placed in the basement of the chassis and to the PL1 and the CWS-meter board, which are then fixed on the bushings pos. 71, pos.73. After that, the XV-meter screen is set. 77.
To the screeds of pos.14, pos.13 pose 14 pose. The screeds of Pos.8 - pos.11, to which the chassis of the HF block is low, with the panel under the lamp (lamps), the L3 choke together with the C13 throttle, , variable resistors R22 and R23. The C13 capacitor is sold to the output of the L1 throttle, and the second end to the mounting petal pos.61, which, in turn, m3 is attached to the chassis. In embodiments, the lamp panels are installed on plates Pos.76, pos.107, which are attached to the chassis with screws M3, pre-on the plate (s), MS1, MS2 pos.60 and four mounting petals are fixed on the plate (s) .61 Vertically fastened partition of the HF block with also installed in advance by the bracket view.19 with the K2 relay (RES9), the K3 relay and the sleeve pos.20, the harness is unfolded, the harness wires going to the K3 are passed through the hole in the partition and displeased on the relay. Installation of the harness and hinged elements of the basement of the HF block are made. The front panel is attached with pre-installed on it using the sleeves Pos.72 with the S1 - S5 buttons, the instruments P1, P2 and lanterns. On the P1 device, they fix the board page 3, they are installed.
The capacitor C17 (preferably brass) is fastened to the C17 capacitor, the C17 screw (preferably brass) is the "hot" end of the coil L4, the second end of the coil is fixed on the range switch, then the variable capacitors are installed, after which it is fully assembled in the inclusion of the amplifier.
The bulb fan is installed on the bracket pos.76 (with the exception of option d) through rubber gaskets, which reduces the level of noise of the fan. The bracket itself is attached to the screeds of Pos.8 and pos.9 screws m3. For this purpose, holes for the thread m3 are additionally drilled in the screeds, two holes in Pos.8 and one thing - in Pos.9 (one already exists). In Fig.9A, the sizes of the installation holes are indicated for the installation of the VFF-71m fan, when using other types of fans, they need to be adjusted.
The legs are attached to the bottom cover of the housing screws M4 Woven. The upper and lower cover covers are attached to the front and rear panels, as well as to each other with the help of buses pos.15 (15a). Bars are screwed through the washers with screws M3.
An example of performing an amplifier assembly drawing having "Bypass" mode and mode "3 - 2" is shown in Fig. 15bm and Fig.16bm, respectively.
When making various own changes and adjustments to the amplifier design, remember: the RF installation is made along the shortest path, the location of the blocking capacitors in any case should be directly at the secrets of the lamps.
Note. In the manufacture of a tranfactor amplifier with a built-in antenna switch, you must perform additionally the following works:
a) in the CWW board of the meter make a semicircular cutout with a radius of 3-5 mm under way out coaxial cable (see fig.16AV);
c) in the chassis of BP an extreme hole diameter.6.2 mm, intended for attaching TP.1, drill up to a diameter of 10 mm (to pass through this hole, the cable pose 70);
C) In the BP chassis, drill a hole to dia. 5mm, through which jumper 38 will be held (see Wiring Table).
5. Order of the amplifier setting
I would like to write: "The device made from knowingly in good partings does not need the setup." But, alas.
Before you start setting up the amplifier, you must make sure that the installation performed is correct. An acquaintance with high voltage, as a rule, does not bring great joy, and the observation of a long short circuit, too, again, it is necessary to air the room, and it fuses, as a rule, the most valuable thing, and even in addition, which is also in the most inaccessible place.
When adjusting the BestranFormator schemes, it should be remembered that they have two common wires. One - for the DC scheme, it is indicated in the circuit of the "0B" point. All DC measurements should be made regarding this point. Considering that these chains do not have a galvanic junction from the supply chain, in measurements it is necessary to follow the rules of electrical safety techniques (this, by the way, concerns all other works). The general wire for the radio frequency signal is the amplifier housing, and, accordingly, all the measurements of RF voltages, if necessary, are made relative to it.
Setting up the characteristics amplifiers has no. Its sequence is as follows.
Pre-trained lamps are inserted into the panels. Initially, the amplifier is adjusted without turning on the power supply. This is done with the help of the GSS and HF Voltmeter, or with the help of a gir, or simply for hearing with the help of the receiver. A GSS is connected to the XP7 connector (ANT), and the WF Voltmeter is to the lamp anode. First of all, it is necessary to "put" the number of coil's turns, so the setting starts from a range of 20 meters. If the resonance on this range is "somewhere close", try to squeeze or push the turns L4, otherwise it will be necessary to reduce the number of turns. On the range of 20 meters, the L4 coil must be turned on completely. After that, on the range of 160 meters, the number of turns of the coil L5 is adjusted. Then the position of the coils of coils on the remaining bands is refined and the possibility of adjusting the P-circuit is checked, and as the frequency from the range to the range decreases, the resonance should be observed with increasingly increasing values \u200b\u200bof C20 and C21 containers.
At the next step, check the operation of the high-voltage part of the power supply. To do this, on the contacts 1 and 4, the relay K1 through the latre is fed by a reduced network voltage (about 60 volts), which will exclude any surprise, and the voltage on the C7, C8 and C5 capacitor pairs; C3, C4 and C1, C2 if the voltages between adjacent pairs have a large scatter, this means that either training (forming) of capacitors is needed, or their replacement. To train the capacitors, the BP is maintained on the input voltage of the network 60 at the clock 5-6, then measurements are performed again if the scatter has decreased - the volt voltage is increased to 150, etc. If the difference in voltages between any of the pairs of capacitors has not changed and is Volt 20 - 30 (at U network \u003d 60 V) and, accordingly, it grows with an increase in the network voltage, then the capacitors on which the voltage has a smaller value should be replaced (or maybe one From the pair), otherwise they will continue to subside. I had a case in the manufacture of the first amplifier, when the shot capacitor struck three tickets to the international match "Dynamo" Kiev, who lay on the shelf over the amplifier (the amplifier was in the stage of work and stood without a housing). For this reason, in order to ensure the symmetry of the shoulder, condensers for use in the multiplication scheme are desirable to acquire one batch and with some margin by quantity, and even better to test them for leakage ..
Include nutrition in a normal scheme and check the compliance of the voltage on the electrodes of the lamp (lamps). On the anode, the lamp should be about + 1330V (+ 1260V with a batran-informator version), on the screen grid - +300 V, on the control grid - minus 100 V. If there is nothing to measure the high voltage, it is enough to measure it on C7, C8 capacitors and the reading to multiply on four. By transferring the amplifier to transmission mode, resistors R22 and R23 set the necessary lamps of lamps in SSB and CW mode, respectively.
Next, give lamps to warm up at least 5 minutes. After warm up to the output of the amplifier, an equivalent of antenna and a voltmeter is connected (for example, VK7-9), in the absence of necessary devices, it is possible to use the incandescent lamp with a power of 500 W for this purpose to voltage 220 V, the excitation voltage is supplied to the amplifier input, while the anode current in The divergent state of the output circuit should be 400 - 500 mA, and when adjusting the circuit to the maximum output voltage, it is reduced to 300 - 350 MA, and the lamp used as a load should burn almost full of heat. If an anode current on one of the ranges does not reach this value, therefore, the excitation power at the inlet of the amplifier is small. If it is normal on one of the ranges of the anode current, and the output power is small, although the anodes of the lamps are blushing, and besides, there is no "excumber", it means that the design of your anodic choke turned out to be unsuccessful, the number of throttle turns must be changed to a greater or smaller side by 10 - 15%.
When setting up (in the case of self-excitation) an amplifier made according to a batran-informator scheme, it may be necessary to experimentally select the installation of the CP capacitor, or to type it from several by placing them around the panels of the lamps.
In the next step, turning on the transceiver in the setup mode and smoothly increasing the excitation voltage, check the linearity of the amplifier, i.e. Compliance with the increase in the transceiver output power growth of the anode current and the output power of the Republic of Armenia. The cessation of the growth of the output power of the RA with the continuing growth of the anode current indicates "saturation" i.e. The emergence of the mesh current. In this case, it is necessary to reduce the power of excitation. Do not forget about it when working on the air, there will be no complaints about your "tails" from friends - colleagues on the ether, and the neighbors tvi lovers will not climb the roof with nippers.
The CWS-meter is configured when the antenna is connected equivalent. The S5 switch is set to the "CWS" position, the splitter from the transmitter and the adjustment of the capacitor C1 is changed to the separation coefficient of the capacitive divider C1, C2 so that the voltage amplitudes on the C2 condenser and the resistor R1 are equal. Since these voltages relative to the Diode VD1 are included in the dating, the current through the diode must be zero. If you adjust the C1, it is not possible to install the P1 instrument arrow to zero division of the scale, then it is necessary to change the conclusions of the winding of the II transformer T1 KSV-meter. Then change the point of connection point for the release of the mind and equivalent, and adjusting the C3, set to zero division of the P2 instrument arrow. Next, the connections are restored, the load is connected, the R19 R19 resistor is installed for the last division of the scale (if the testimony of the instrument is "offshore", it is necessary to reduce the number of turns of the secondary winding of the T1 transformer and, on the contrary, with a weak deviation of the device, increase the number of turns). With the resistance of the load 75 (50) Ohm, the P2 instrument arrow should be on the zero division of the scale, which corresponds to the KSV \u003d 1.0. Change the load resistance and on the scale of the instrument P2, the value of the KSW corresponding to this resistance is noted, etc. The upper limit for measuring the CWS each establishes at their own request. Do not forget in the future with each measurement of the R19 resistor, install the P1 instrument arrow for the last division of the scale.
Now you can proceed to the calibration of the P2 instrument for measuring the power. To do this, turning on the transceiver in the "squeeze" setup mode from the amplifier to the maximum output power (in our case it is 350 - 200 W), measure the voltage on the load and using Table 5 to find the maximum power of your amplifier corresponding to this voltage. Rotating the R3 SV-meter resistor engine install the R2 instrument arrow for the last division. This division will correspond to the maximum power of the amplifier, while it is possible that R3 will have to pick up. Next, reducing the rolling voltage and controlling the voltage at the output of the amplifier gradually the remaining scale of the instrument. In the future, when measuring, it should be remembered that the accuracy of the instrument reading when measuring the power in the real antenna will be the higher the better than the KSV, i.e. The closer the resistance of the antenna you uses to 75 (50) Ohm.
The amplifier collected by option A is first configured without connecting the pre-cascade. Initially, the lamp rest current within 60-100 mA selection of the number of stabilion (VD11-VD14) is established. For example, when using three stabilitons, D815A, the rest current turned out to be 30mA, the jumper coats VD11, the rest current increases to 150 mA. We remove the VD11, and as VD12, we put the stabilitron D815B, the Ie becomes 75m, then again change the VD12 on D815A, and instead of VD11, we use a CD202 type diode or a similar one-in-direction diode, the rest current becomes 100 mA, if less adding another one Diode KD202 (the place for installing this diode is provided on the kids bar.23a).
When using stabilodins of other types, it is necessary to bear in mind that the maximum current through them on the peaks of the signal can reach the values \u200b\u200bof 1.0 A. The use of stabilitons D815A is due to the fact that in this case can be used even without radiators. Stabilians D815A can be replaced by the included parallel through the restrictive resistors with resistance 3 - 4 Ohma Stabilitron D815E-W (the letter will be determined when setting up). Requirements only on direct current are presented to diodes (it should be greater than 1.0 A), since the voltage attached to them is slightly.
Only after this operation, you can proceed to setting up the pre-cascade. Such an order allows you to set up quickly and without disappointment. From the circuit, it can be seen that the transistor is connected parallel to the chain L6, VD11-VD13, therefore, opening the transistor VT1, you can adjust the lamps resting current. Initially, the R22 variable resistance engine is set to the maximum resistance position. After that, turn on the amplifier and give lamps to warm up at least 5 minutes. After warming up with R22, you can set the rated mortar. After the setup, if desired, the resistor can be replaced by a permanent corresponding nominal. Next, turning on the transceiver in the setup mode and, smoothly increasing the excitation voltage, check the linearity of the amplifier, with "saturation", i.e. The mesh current appears to reduce the value R23. If an anode current does not reach 0.5 A on the same range, then the excitation power is small and can increase R23 resistance. When tuning, it should be remembered that the setting is made to the maximum voltage voltage on the antenna equivalent, or in the absence of such using the simplest indicator of the field strength directly in the antenna itself. I do not recommend to customize the amplifier to the maximum anode current, while you simply translate the cascade to the DC amplifier mode, which will not correspond to the mode of maximum output power.
The coordination of the transceiver used to work with the input of the amplifier built with the anodic chain transeformator circuit (on 2 g-7b) is made by changing the number of turns of the winding of III L6 at a minimum of the CWW at the inlet of the amplifier and the maximum of recoil.
When adjusting the amplifier collected by the two-stroke scheme, first of all, the symmetry should be achieved, i.e. equality of HF stresses on grids (cathodes) lamps. If necessary, this is done by moving the middle point of the windings I and II of the input transformer T1. Next, the change in the transformation coefficient of the same transformer is adjusted by the acceptable value of the KSV value by the amplifier input.
Table 5.
During the configuration process, any of the amplifier circuits may turn out that a strip of satisfactory agreement with the load is insufficient for overlapping the working section of the range without adjusting the elements of the P-circuit. The width of the negotiation band depends on the coefficient of transformation of the resistance in the matching chain, and is the ratio:
N \u003d RE / RN, where RE is an equivalent resistance of the output cascade lamp, and RN is respectively the load resistance.
Thus, when using a coaxial cable antenna with a standard wave resistance of 50-75 ohms, in our case, we obtain the transformation coefficient is approximately 20. Its value can be reduced (accordingly, the strip of satisfactory matching is expanded) by increasing the load resistance, i.e. Applying at the output of the P-circuit to match the load of the SP transformer with a transformation coefficient of 4: 1 (Fig.2.12). However, it should be borne in mind that with an increase in the value of RN, the voltage on C21 while maintaining the output power will also increase, so the gap between its stator and rotary plates should be increased. This transformer is performed similarly to the L6 choke (the ring for its winding is better to take the permeability of 600-1000, the rings from the SAU for P / Art are suitable. P-130) and is installed on the front panel of the BP (Fig. 15bm, Fig.16bm). The fastening of the transformer is also similar to the fastening of the throttle L6.
Now a few tips:
1.Wellper not "loves" work with a large CWC (≥2.5)At the same time, the redistribution of power and, part of this power goes to the throttle, punching it.
- The amplifier is desirable to ground. In the course of operation, there were cases when during strong thundering discharges "knocked" network fuses. It happened in cases where antennas were used with the amplifier open type (LW, Inv.Vee, V-Beam, etc.), which during thunderstorms were not disabled.
- Do not strive to get from the output power amplifier more than the overall power of the power transformers you applied, although transformers used in this design are naturally made with a margin, but by existing (and not yet canceled) the laws of the Ministry of Morphy - just in the most responsible moment (for example When calling P5 or on the extreme case FO0), they will order a long time to live (and after all, he is about to answer, and it also seems to you!). In addition, due to the awards of the anode voltage, this will first affect the quality of the signal of your radio.
- Do not be lazy, perform all the work, and then you will always have something to present and what to be proud to be in front of the amplifier fraternity, because they have an amplifier only without a case, and even in addition to only standing on the side, and before turning on it, it is still necessary and hit in a certain place. Fist (and maybe more than once!).
- The amplifier is intended for intercontinental ties, because To carry out local, it is necessary to apply at least CU-5B, well, in extreme cases, GU-81 is allowed (but at 3 kV per anode). The essence of this is as follows: All the enhanced handles on the receiver are immediately installed in the zero position, while, firstly, even any of the most primitive detector receiver ceases to make noise, and second, no matter how much the other "mugs" do not "brakli" at frequency, They do not prevent your pleasant conversation about the types of harvest, etc. And all the other because of the "sub-products" themselves scatter on the part of the kHz somewhere at fifty - a hundred, they also need to hear someone.
- If the amplifier assembled with you and knowledge, the amplifier does not work, immediately becomes clear that naturally the author is a fool and the scheme of his stupid, and the genetics, again, naturally, nothing to do with it. Of course it is all humor.
And most importantly, it is impossible to never forget - the amplifier only in the case will be a good assistant if it is an application to a good antenna.
The described above is not a dogma, but a practical guide to work, prompting the direction of design, in the process of creativity you can increase the overall dimensions, change the layout depending on the parts you applied, your imagination, opportunities, experience, etc., in short - create as we , create better than us. The main thing, please write about all the wishes, critical comments and the errors you have found, both theoretical, technical and spelling. The material was preparing and edited by one person in fact, so it was almost impossible to track everything. Thanks a lot in advance.
In conclusion. I would like to express a lot of grateful to A.S. Yezhnov Ut5uao for the greatest technical assistance provided by them in the manufacture of individual prototypes of amplifiers and conduct experiments to work out their individual nodes.
Views: 18 522
In the real conversion design, a rather powerful amplifier is applied, peak power reaches 100W. Today, due to existing prices for powerful RF transistors, it is a fairly expensive node. In the forerun and terminal cascades, domestic transistors are used, specially designed for linear increase in the range of 1.5-30 MHz at a supply voltage of 13.8V.
While I will give a trimmed version of the SPU output to 5W. Its cost is not high, therefore, the majority of radio amateurs will be available. The output power is almost the same on all bands. If you wish, you can make the output power on high-frequency sections than on the NF. It is sometimes required when an external RA is used with a bang Bands. The first cascade is made on the CT610 transistor. The best replacement is CT939a, such a transistor is specially designed for linear gain in class A. There are more modern transistors with even better characteristics, but they are very difficult to find. For example, 2T996B in which the coefficient of combinational components at a frequency of 60 MHz on the second harmonic (M2) is no more than - 65DB, and in the third harmonic (M3) no more than 95DB, not every lamp can provide such parameters. The VT1 transistor is used in the class A with a 120-150mA rest current. Transformer T1 is made on a ferrite ring with a diameter of 10 mm, permeability of 1000. Winding into two wires without twist, wire with a diameter of 0.24-0.30 mm, eight turns, the connection of the beginning of one winding with the end of another form an average output. The rise in gain on HF provides negative feedback in the emitter circuit, is selected with C1. The overall gain and the inclination of the frequency response can be selected by changing the rates R5, C2. The enhanced signal through the separation capacitor C6 enters the terminal cascade VT2. Replace this transistor, without deterioration, failed to find. More or less, KT920B, in; CT925B, in. CT921A can be used, KT922B, CT934B, G. This is transistors, the purpose for use at 24V power supply voltage. Therefore, it is possible to assume the gain of the gain and frequency properties during nutrition of 13.8V. At the expense of the linearity, it is also difficult to say something, because Of all the listed only CT921A is intended for these purposes, the rest are intended to enhance the signaling of the signal at frequencies above 50 MHz in class C. Such transistors can be used on kV bands with an acceptable linearity only with reduced power (not more than 40%). If the reader wants to familiarize himself in more detail with the opinion of the author on the construction of a 24V transistor power supply on a domestic element database - it can be ordered a book-description of a network transceiver with a frequency synthesizer on Z80 and such a power amplifier. When using CT965A in this cascade and nutrition, 13.8-14B can obtain at least five linear watts of power. When comparing the SC4-59 spectrum analyzer 5W received in TRX RA3AO and the same power when using CT965A, a desire to throw the A21 node in the "Drozdiver" appeared immediately. The two-stroke amplifier on KT913 (A21) ensures the presence of "sticks" on the analyzer screen to the limiting frequency of the device (110 MHz), and maybe above, because Just do not allow the resolving frequency properties of the SC4-59. The KT965 transistor is not designed to work above 30 MHz, so it simply does not "pull" at such frequencies and traces of "sticks" can only be seen at frequencies up to 50 MHz, harmonics are suppressed in the worst case at least 25 DB. This signal can be operated on the air and excite any power amplifier without any filters. Fig. 6 shows a two-wire low frequency filter installed at the output of the amplifier, which cuts those remains of "sticks", which can still be seen on the analyzer screen, above 32 MHz (L6, L7, C20, C21, C22). In the case of a "trimmed" Shpu, this FNH can not be installed. The VT2 base current is stabilized by the VD1, VD2, VT3 chain. The elements C4, R8 define the amplitude-frequency response of the cascade. Resistors are negative feedback R10, R11 improve linearity. The R7 resistor serves to prevent the emitter transition breaking during the reverse half-wave of the control voltage and is calculated by the formula R \u003d S / 2PFGR.CE. The rest of the rest within 300-350m, is set by the R9 resistor. The T2 transformer can be performed on a ferrite ring with a diameter of 16-20 mm permeability of 300-600 or apply "binoculars" from the K10 rings permeability of 600-1000, just 4 rings in the column. If the alleged load is 50-75, it is necessary to transform the resistance to 1: 4, for these purposes, the transformer is suitable on the ring wrapped with a bifilar wire of 0.6-0.8 mm, 7-9 turns are sufficient. The average output formed by the connection of the start of one winding with the end of another is connected to the VT2 collector. With one free output through a separator capacitor with a capacity of 47-68H, a reactive power of at least 10 W, remove the beneficial signal, and the supply voltage is supplied to the other end of the winding. In case the load resistance can be more than 100 or it is unknown, it is better to apply a binoculator type "binoculars", because With such a transformer it is easier to change the ratio of transformable resistance. It is performed in this way - you need to glue two columns from the rings, then the columns to glue with each other like "binoculars". Winding I can be 1-2 wires with a cross section of at least 0.6 mm. With an unknown load resistance, the winding II first wound with knowingly large quantity turns, for example 5, the wire can be used by the mounting stranded. Then, guided by the testimony of the current consumed by a cascade on VT2, the testimony of the lamp voltmeter turned on by parallel to the load, we find the optimal ratio of the turns of the transformer. It is necessary to check the value of the output power at the highest frequency - 29 MHz, in the middle of the ranges - 14 MHz and 1,8 MHz. The chain of resistors R12, R13 in a powerful version of the Shpu is called "fool protection". Here serves as a divider when measuring output power. Elements R14, C15 compensate for the irregularity of the power meter in the entire frequency range from 1.5 to 30 MHz. The R15 resistor serves to graduate the readings of the milliammeter. In order for the divider to not take part of the useful power, you can proportionally increase the resistance R12, R13, but then the "protection" functions will not be performed. Relays P1 type RES10 or its sealed analog - RES34, passport 0301, the winding resistance is about 600, to pre-check the reliability of response from 11-12V. You can use 12 volt passports with winding resistance 100-120, but then VT4 needs to be replaced by more powerful transistor (KT815). Throtes DR1 and DR3 must withstand operating current - DR1 to 150mA, DR3 to 1a.
Power amplifier 50-100W.
The circuitry of transistor broadband power amplifiers is worked out and if you view the schemes of import transceivers, both cheap and most expensive models, the difference in building these nodes is minimal, differences only in the name of the transistors, the nominal details and slightly in the scheme. If the reader is familiar with the previous book - a description of the network TRX, which uses the SPU on the CT956A, then it can mark the minimum difference in building such cascades. Since the transceiver is designed to work from the power supply of 13.8V, the search was directed to ensure the required power with the minimum ripping and frequency response in the high-frequency domain and the preservation of the linearity when the supply voltage is reduced to 11V. The choice of transistors of domestic production to solve this problem is very small. If you still consider that the cost is usually higher than transistors designed to work from 24-28V and on the radio rolls they are quite rarely found, then before making the manufacture of such an amplifier should be thought about - and whether it is necessary to make heroic efforts to dwell on these The notorious, accepted in the world 13.8V? Maybe to make a slope from that "Radiorachla", what is in stock? There are CT960, CT958, CT920, KT925, which are often used by radio amateurs.
- Low-frequency ( boundary frequency up to 3 hz)
- High-frequency (boundary frequency up to 300 MHz)
- Ultrahigh-frequency (boundary frequency above 300 MHz).
We are interested in the second group, inside it transistors are divided into:
- BUT) intended for linear gain of the RF signal
- B) For broadband signal amplification in class C at frequencies 50-400 MHz.
In more detail about how they are designed and made, certain transistors are better to read in professional literature. Here we also note the main differences between the subgroup "A" and "B". Group A, transistors intended for connected equipment are mainly linear broadband amplifiers operating in the same sideband mode, additional requirements are presented to transistors both by constructive execution (reducing the collector capacity and the inductance of the emitter output) and in linearity. In powerful RF transistors for connected equipment, the amplitude of the combinational components of the third and fifth orders of 25-30 times less than the amplitude of the main signals (attenuation of at least 27-33DB). In the manufacture of transistors of this group, manufacturers focuses on linearity parameters and strength in limit operating modes. In a subgroup б, more attention is paid to frequency properties and increasing power gain. For example, two transistors, calculated on obtaining the same power 20W - KT965A (subgroup a) and KT920V (subgroup b) are distinguished by the utmost operational parameters. CT965A - collector 4A current, dispelled power 32W with diet 13V; CT920V - respectively, 3a, 25W at 12.6V. Since the boundary frequency of transistors designed to work below is 30 MHz, rather low (up to 100 MHz), then the manufacturer is easier to produce a device with greater overload capacity. For example, the minimum dimensions of the elements of the transistor at frequency of 200-500 MHz is 1MKM and less, whereas for frequencies of 50-100 MHz they may have a size of 3-4 microns. In the fact that the transistors of transistors developed for a linear increase in the range of the range is higher than that of higher-frequency devices, but used by radio amateurs at frequencies up to 30 MHz, had to be convinced. For example, the 70W output slips on the CT956A withstands the KSV to 10 in long mode and has a sufficiently good linearity, which cannot be said about exactly the same amplifier on the CT930B. RU6MS uses the SPU to CT956A with a 100-130W output power in the form of the prefix to the "Catran" for several years, loading the amplifier directly to the antenna without any coordination. Interference television, even when using the "Polish" active antennas, is completely absent. Before that, he tried to exploit the amplifier, published by a hidden bar in the magazine "Radio" and besides nervous stress after another replacement of KT930B, there is no opportunity to work on the air when a beloved wife looks another TV series on TV, as far as I know, there was no other experience. RK6LB applies an industrial unit on twelve CT956A (power up to 500W) and is well operating on the air at a distance of 4 meters between the amplifier and the head, which form the signals of six television channels, station cable television. Similar parameters of linearity and reliability can be obtained by using transistors intended for power supply of 13.8V. Unfortunately, the list of such products produced by the domestic industry is very small - it is CT965A, CT966A, CT967a. More modern types of transistors on the radio rolls come across very rarely. The maximum values \u200b\u200bof the output power can be obtained when applying KT966A and CT967A, but we will not consider these versions of the SPU due to the deficiency of the transistors. Quite linear 50-60W output power can be obtained with more accessible KT965A. If frequent work is assumed from the battery, then you can stop.
It should be noted that the bulk of radio amateurs is still used in the transceiver the output cascade on G19 with the same energy parameters and they cannot evaluate the magnificent purity of the ether at the time of power turning off the electricity. And if there are still daily "scheduled" shutdowns, the users of the lamp equipment remain only to sympathize. They lose not only time, but also huge pleasure from listening to bands during no interference when electricity is turned off in a sufficiently large area. In the case when the power is needed at least 100W at a 12V battery, CT966,967 or imported analogues of such transistors are required, but then the cost of the transceiver is sharply increasing and it is more logical to acquire something ready-made brand, rather than "to invent a bike". You can try to apply with low-voltage power transistors developed for 27V - it is CT956A, CT957A, CT944A, CT955A, CT951B, CT950B But, as experience has shown, you will have to come to humble with the deterioration of energy characteristics and linearity. One of the versions of the transceiver used by UA3RQ was as followed by KT956A with a supply voltage about 20V, three successively connected alkaline batteries with a voltage of 19V are connected at the time of disabling the network. Two types of available powerful RF transistors - CT958A and CT960A suggest their use in such a transceiver, because They are developed under the supply voltage of 12.6V, but for class C. For technical conditions, in the case of the use of these devices in the modes of classes A, AB, the operating point must be in the field of maximum modes, i.e. More preferred operation with telegraph and limited SSB signal. To ensure sufficient reliability, the output power is not more than 40W. It is desirable for a consistent antenna load, otherwise the SPU line on such transistors is prone to trivial.
The amplifier is made on the printed circuit board to the rear wall-radiator of the case. Spack details on one side of the board on the etched areas. This installation method allows you to easily fix the board on the radiator and provides access to the replacement of the elements without turning the board, thereby simplifies the process of setting the SPU. The supply voltage of the board is 13.8V if a separate stable powerful power supply for the transceiver is used, the voltage for this node can be raised to 14.5V, and for the remaining Cascades TRX, enter an additional stabilizer by 12-13V. Such a measure allows you to increase the overall gain and, accordingly, will make it easier for the task of obtaining uniform response. The same power at elevated voltage can be obtained at less current and due to this, reduce the discharge of the supply voltage on the supply wires. No need to forget that with low-voltage power transceiver and quite large output power, the current consumed can reach significant values. At the output power of 50-60W, the current consumed exceeds 7a. Negatively affect the stability of the supply voltage. Long supply wires between the power supply and the transceiver. For example, on a network "lace" with a length of 1M from the burnt 100W of the soldering iron, used to supply the supply voltage from the power supply unit to the transceiver, the voltage drawdown at a current to 10a can reach 0.3-0.5V, to surp on the wires inside the transceiver from the connector Switch and back to the circuit board, as a result, on the output transistors collectors at maximum power instead of 13.8V, to which the power supply is configured, we have 13-13.3V. This does not improve the linearity of the amplifier nor its energy indicators.
Three-stage ShPU, the first stage operates in class A mode, the second - class AB and the terminals in the class of V. circuitry is similar to the import transceiver and domestic connected equipment, because Such nodes are well worked out and there is no point in "surprising the world" by radio amateur structures. The main tasks in constructing transistor ships are the provision of maximum linear frequency response, reliability and sustainable workload, differing from the nominal. Uniform power returns throughout the operating frequency range is solved using the selection of transistor types, additional frequency-dependent chains of negative feedback, the selection of appropriate broadband transformers and constructive execution. Reliable and sustainable work is provided by all sorts of overload protection, selecting types of radio elements and constructive design.
The first stage of the amplifier is made on the VT1 transistor as KT610, CT939, or more modern 2T996B can be applied. Of the available transistors, the best is CT939A, because It is specifically designed for the work of the amplifier in the class A with increased linearity requirements. The 2T996B transistor according to the manufacturer's plant provides such linearity figures to which it is difficult to believe - the coefficient of combinational components at a frequency of 60 MHz on the second harmonic (M2) is not more than 65DB, and on the third harmonic (m3) no more than 95DB, not every lamp can provide Such parameters. The rest current depends on the type of transistor used and is at least 100-160mA. The first cascade should work in the hard mode of class A with a minimum of "garbage" in the output signal, because This will depend on this not only what we get at the outlet of the SPU line, but also the overall gain of the beneficial signal. Subsequent cascades are also broadband and they will equally enhance all signals incoming to their input. For large quantities Harmonic in the input signal part of the power will be useless to spend on their strengthening, due to the combinational interactions between them, it will also worsen and the overall linearity. If you look at the spectrum analyzer this situation, then you will find at the output of the cascade even greater frequency "sticks" of the harmonic than visible in the input signal. The reservoir of the first cascade is regulated by the R2 resistor. The maximum return at a frequency of 29 MHz is regulated by the C1 capacitor. The R5, C1 chain defines both the overall gain and achk inclination. The T1 transformer is made on the Ferrite ring K7-10 permeability of 1000, winding the bifilar without a twist with two wires with a diameter of 0.15-0.18 mm evenly throughout the ring, 7-9 turns are sufficient. The beginning of one winding is connected to the end of the second and forms the average output. The throttle DR1 must withstand the current consumed by the transistor. When setting up the first stage, the main attention should be paid to the linearity of the cascade and maximum return to 29 MHz. Do not be takenlated by an increase in the gain of the cascade, reducing R3, R4 and increasing R5 - this will lead to a deterioration in the linearity and stability of the entire SPU. Depending on what power we want to obtain, the Voltage on the VT1 collector loaded to VT2 is 2-4V. Next, the reinforced signal across C6 goes to the second cascade, which works with a rest current up to 350-400m. The C6 capacitor defines the ACH and in the case of a break of 160 m, its nominal can be increased to 22-33n. It uses the KT965A transistor. This is at first glance not quite a logical decision, because The transistor "very powerful" for such a cascade and is used here by 15-20% of the fact that it is "laid". Attempts to apply a more "weak" transistor in this cascade did not give the desired results. High-frequency transistors 12V series from available - CT920, CT925 with various letters if they provided energy parameters, they did not give a small number of "sticks" in the output signal on the spectrum analyzer screen. The CT921A transistor at a good linearity does not provide the required response when powering with a voltage of 13.8V and does not swing the output stage to the required power on the RF ranges. Only when using KT965a, it was possible to get to 5W Linear from this Cascade. By the way, if there is no requirement for getting high power from such a transceiver, then the cascade can be completed. T2 transformer should be included on the contrary, i.e. Winding II in a collector chain, and winding I in the load. It will be necessary to choose the ratio of turns of the windings for optimal coordination with the load. But even with switched T2 without selecting the ratio of turns in the windings, on the load of 50 ohm a line of transistors 2T355A (DPF fee), 2T939A and 2T965A provides 13-16V efficient voltage. Current consumption reaches 1.3-1,5A, the efficiency is low, but this is a fee for the high linearity of the signal. If it fails to find KT965A, then it is advisable to perform this cascade to perform a two-stroke on KT921A transistors, Fig.8. We will have to come to humble with some ripple at frequencies above 21 MHz, the output power with such a cascade reaches 10W. You can get a spectrally very clean signal with linear frequency response with a power up to 5W, increasing negative feedback by elements R5-R8, R10, C9, R11, C10. The diagram shows separate displacement chains separately for each transistor - this is a version for the "poor radio amateur", which does not have the opportunity to choose a pair of VT2, VT3 with identical characteristics.
If the selection of transistors is assumed, then the database power circuits can be combined. Pre-resistors R14, R15 in the chains of database current stabilizers, you need to set the rest current in the range of 150-200 mA per transistor, and then more accurately adjust to suppress the nearest even harmonic, which can be heard on an additional receiver. The restriction limits of the resting current depend on the steepness of the used transistors and the number of consistently included diodes VD1, VD2 and VD3, VD4. There are transistors for which one included diode is enough to obtain a streak of rest. Chains C7, R1 and C8, R2 provide the rise of the amplitude-frequency characteristic on high-frequency bands. The throttle of the DR3 must provide the required cascade of the current (up to 2a) without drawing voltage on it. It can be coated on a small ferrite ring permeability of 600 or more, with a diameter with a diameter of at least 0.6-0.7 mm, 10-20 turns are enough.
The T1 transformer is made in the form of "binoculars" from ferrite rings with a diameter of 7 mm, permeability of 1000-2000. Binoculars columns are glued out of 3-4 rings depending on their thickness, the height of the column is 9-11 mm. Primary winding 2-3 turn of the mounting wire in fluoroplastic insulation, secondary 1 turn of the wire of the PAL 0.7-0.8 mm.
The T2 transformer is also made in the form of "binoculars". Two columns are glued from ferrite rings permeability of 1000, with a diameter of 10 mm, the columns with a height of 13-16 mm. You can also use rings permeability 1000-2000 with a diameter of 7 mm, the height of the columns is 10-11 mm. The primary winding is 1 turn from the braid from a thin coaxial cable with a tap from a middle or one turn from the folded two mounting wires in fluoroplastic insulation, the beginning of one is connected to the end of the second and forms the average output. The coil is considered when the wire is included in one "binoculars" and returns from the second. The secondary winding, in the case of the use of braid from a coaxial cable for i winding, passes inside this braid, if the mounting wire is applied to the "primary", the winding II is passed through the openings of the columns as the I winding, only with conclusions in the opposite direction. The number of turns of the winding II can range from 2 to 5, depending on the performance of the winding I and they will have to be selected experimentally for the better efficiency and the optimal response of the output cascade on the required load resistance.
"Binoculars" can not be glued without insulation on pCBbecause Some Ferrite brands skip the constant current. It should be noted that the FNH on the elements C34, L1, C35, L2, C36 is designed for the resistance of 50 ohms. If the load is significantly different from this value, the filter must be counted or excluded, because In this case, it will make unevenness in the ACH amplifier. Let's return to the scheme in Fig. 9. The R7 resistor serves to prevent the emitter transition breaking during the reverse half-wave of the control voltage and is calculated by the formula R \u003d S / 2PFGRSE. The VT2 base current is stabilized by the VD1, VD2, VT3, R9, C9 chain. The R9 resistor is set to a rest current. Using the elements of the negative feedback R8, C4, R10, R11, you can set the required response and the coefficient of enhancing the cascade. Install VT3 on the heat sink is not required. The throttle DR3 must withstand current up to 1,5A.
The cascade setting is the selection of the rest current of the R9 resistor, the correction of the amplitude-frequency characteristic and the amplification coefficient of the R8 resistor and to a lesser extent capacitor C4. Previously winding the I transformer T2 should be wounded 3 turns. The final selection will be carried out when setting up the entire SPU.
Anti-phase signals from the T2 transformer through the chains C16, R15, C17, R16 forming the required response, comes to the output transistors VT6, VT5. Resistors R8, R17 serve for the same purpose as R7. With C15, the winding 2 of the T2 transformer is adjusted to the resonance at the highest operating frequency (29,7 MHz).
On the output transistors VT6, VT5 information is the following. The type of transistors used depends on the intended output power. The most powerful and respectively dear is CT967A. You can get the output power of more than 100W with very high reliability. It is possible to use CT956A, but at a supply voltage of 13.8V, these transistors sharply falls in high-frequency bands and linearity. The output is only one - to increase the supply voltage at least to 18-20V. With CT965A transistors in the output stage, it is possible to obtain 50-60W with an acceptable reliability. Although the reference books indicate the output power of 20W per transistor, but this is just a rare case when "regular" power is specified when used in industrial and military equipment with a large reserve margin. As an experiment with a pair of 2T965A on the 50th equivalent, it was possible to obtain 90Ws on low-frequency bands. At an output power, 40-45Ws, the amplifier can withstand almost any CWW in a long mode, the optimal work is called, of course, it is impossible. Because With long-term operation with high QCV values, for example, several users of this technique are stubbornly used by one "wire" for all ranges (calling it an antenna), usually one or twice a year, they change the first transistor of the SPU line - KT355A. "Reflecting" bladded on the transceiver and the weakest place turned out to be in the first stage. With CT966 transistors, it is possible to receive at least 80W output power, but they have larger on RF bands. As the experience has shown the experience of long-term use of these transistors at the KSV to 1.5-2, they withstand double power overload. More common and cheap transistors such parameters, alas, do not provide. For example, when using KT920V, 925V can with the stretch of obtaining linear 40W, when this figure is exceeded, reliability drops sharply and the level of out-of-band radiation is growing.
Additionally, the amplification and response can be adjusted by chains R19, C30 and R20, C27. The basic offset stabilizer is made on the elements VD4, VD5, VT4. The VT4 transistor through a mica laying is screwed to the radiator. The throttle DR4 is wound on a ferrite rod from the largest and long chokes (DM3) or on a ferrite ring permeability of 600-1000, a diameter of 14-16mm for ease of winding, a wire with a diameter of at least 0.8 mm on the rod before filling, on the ring is sufficient 7-10 turns. Throtes DD5, DR6 can be applied Types of DPM-0.6 or winding them on ferrite rings with a diameter of 7mm, permeability of 600-1000, 5 turns of the wire of PAL 0.35-0,47mm.
Transformer T3 - "binoculars" from the rings with a diameter of 10-12mm, the permeability of 600-1000, the length of the 28-24mm columns. Winding 1 is one turn of the nullwork from the coaxial cable, the winding 2 is two to three turns of the mounting wire in fluoroplastic insulation, laid inside the primary winding. The exact amount of the secondary winding turns is selected when adjusting to the desired load resistance and the nominal output power by uniform response and the best Cascade efficiency.
The reservoir of the 200-250mA on the transistor is selected by the R24 resistor. More accurate rest current can be put up for the greatest suppression. for easy harmonicwhich can be monitored by the spectrum analyzer or an additional receiver. Weekend transistors require a mandatory selection of a pair. The selection on a small current is not optimal - you need to check the characteristics at currents of the collector 50mA, 300mA, 1A. Moreover, transistors with close characteristics on constant current should be chosen into the pairs and on the RF according to the same output. Because For example, the most "steep" transistors are very often inferior in returning to RF transistors with the parameters "below average". The task of successful choice of a pair of output transistors is simply solved - if there are at least a dozen transistors in the presence. The hopes for the fact that separate dietary bases can compensate for the scatter - alas, "there is a place" only with a slight scatter. Our industry so disgusting "on the mountain" this product that the scatters are such - on a constant current with the same basic displacement of the collector current can range from 20 to 300 mΩ, and the amplitude of the voltage voltage at the load with the same "roll" may be 20 , and 30B. It is difficult to assume that it will produce a screw if in the output cascade to apply two transistors with extreme scattering values. It is clear that the user nor the listeners will receive satisfaction from the work of such a "miracle".
In the real design of the slips, the differences in the parameters of the output transistors are reflected in the reduction of the output power, uneven heating of the transistors (more "cool" heats up stronger), due to the shoulder skew, the increased content of the harmonic in the output signal (up to the appearance of TVI), low efficiency. Unfortunately, one tester pick up a qualitatively a pair of transistors for the output stage is not possible, so if there is a very big desire to make such an amplifier, but it is not possible to purchase enough to choose a couple, in the extreme case, you can contact the author of these lines for help Forget only that my possibilities are not limitless.
To the output winding of the T3 transformer, the "fool protection" is subdivided, consisting of resistors R21, R22. In the event that the loading line the load will disappear or an unknown structure will be connected instead of antenna, then all the power will dispel on these resistors. Sooner or later, the spirit of burnt paint will go from these resistors - the signal to the negligent "exploitation" - see "something wrong, burn." This simplest, but effective protection allows, in case of need, without particular concerns, include the transceiver to transfer to an unknown load. The load resistance above 50 ohms, the greater the power is dissipated on these resistors. Situations where the load resistance is lower than 50 times much less often, and as experience shows, the amplifier is easier to withstand the load of the load, rather than its absence. What a low-voltage load would always have a reactive resistance of a coaxial cable, which it is connected and the reactivity of the FNH, so the absolute KZ at the emergence of the mind is quite difficult, of course, if it is not specifically imitating such a situation. As one of the laws of Murphy says: "Protection from the fool is triggered until the inventive fool appears."
The R24, C37, VD6, C38, R23 chain serves to measure the output power. The elements R24, C37 are selected in such a way as to compensate for the unevenness of the measurement of power from the frequency. The R23 resistor regulates the sensitivity of the meter.
The low-frequency filter with a cutoff frequency of 32 MHz consists of C34, L1, C35, L2, C36. It is calculated under the 50th load. FNH should be additionally adjusted for the highest recovery per 28mHz, shifting the coils of the coils L1, L2. In the case of an additional matching device between the transceiver and the antenna or when working with an external power amplifier, it is sufficient to suppresses out-of-band radiation. In a properly manufactured and configured amplifier, the second harmonic level is not more -30dB, the third is not more than -18db, the third-order combinational oscillations in the peak of the envelope of the two tone signal are not more than -32DB.
Contacts K1 Relay P1 Connect an antenna socket to the SPU in transmission mode. The P1 relay is controlled through the transistor key VT4 voltage TX. The VD3 diode is used to protect the VT4 transistor from reverse current shots when switching a relay. P1 Types of RES10, RES34 with winding resistance up to 400, it must be checked for reliability of response from 12-13B. Some relays, such as RES10 passports 031-03 02, 031-03 01 With a supply voltage, 13.8V are carried out reliably for the first two or three weeks, and then when heated the mind compartment, where these relays are located, they begin to refuse - displacing contacts and Do not connect the ships to the antenna. Perhaps - it was associated with a low quality relay, although a dozen relays from the same box work trouble-free for several years. You can also apply the RES10 with winding resistance 120Ω, the passport 031-04 01, but it is necessary to take into account that it consumes it about 110mA, with 13.8V power supply TRX heats up, which does not improve the total temperature of the SPU compartment, respectively, the maximum collector current of the VT4 transistor must be no less than this value. When using RES10 above the described passports, KT315 can be used as VT4.
An interesting feature of the domestic element base is noticed - it requires a preliminary "test", the run for no less than one or two weeks and is desirable in different temperature mode, i.e. The transceiver should be turned on-off so that it begins during operation and cooled when it is turned off. Then those details that "must fly" because of their low quality "will fly away" faster and will not lead to "nervous stress" at the most inopportune moment, as it most often happens. After such testing, the transceiver with competent and neat operation, as a rule, it works without breaking over the years.
KV Power amplifier on Gi-7B provides an output power of about one kilowatt on all amateur ranges when working with a transceiver having an output power up to 100 W at a load of 50 ohms. Such parameters, in particular, have most import transceivers that use radio amateurs. KSV KV Power amplifier on the GI-7B power in the input is no more than two. Circuit RV Power amplifier on Gi-7B is shown in the figure.
It is assembled on two generator Gi-7B (VL1 and VL2) trigales included in parallel according to the scheme with a common grid. When the amplifier is turned off or is in inactive mode, the transceiver output via Xw1 connector and normally closed contacts of the K4 and K5 relay enters the antenna connected to the XW2 connector. Accordingly, in the reception mode, the signal from the antenna enters the input of the transceiver in the reverse order.
The inclusion of the KV power amplifier on the Gi-7B is performed in such a sequence. First, the SA1 network switch is connected to the network M1 fan and transformer T2, feeding the circuit of the lamp and control circuit. After a small pause, the SA2 "Anode" switch is included: one pair of its contacts connects the electrode transformer T1 to the network, and the second pair supplies power to the winding of the relay K1. Initially, the T1 transformer network winding is connected via a current-limiting resistor R9, which limits its large starting current. Then the contacts of the relay K1 closure this resistor. The restraint time of the relay is enough to complete the transition process due to the charging of C1-C16 capacitors.
In KV, the power amplifier on the Gi-7B is implemented a parallel power supply diagram of the lamps of the lamps through the L2L3C17C18 filter from the voltage source of 2500 V, which consists of eight included sequential rectifiers made on diode bridges VD1-VD8 and smoothing capacitors C1- C16. In the active mode, the amplifier is transferred by closing the contacts of the X1 (RTT) connector (RTT) pedal or transceiver control signal. At the same time, the KZ relay is triggered from the stabilizer on the elements R15, VD20. It, in turn, includes relays K2, K4 and K5. K4 and K5 relays are connected to their contacts xw1 and xw2 connections to the input and output of the amplifier, respectively, and the contacts of the switch K2.1 closure to the VD17 stabilitron, and at the cathodes VL1, VL2 is set to the offset operating voltage (in the reception mode, the offset is increased due to the connection of additional stabitron VD17 and lamps are closed). The excitation signal goes to the cathodes of lamps through the C29 capacitor and the broadband agreement transformer T3.
KV Power amplifier on gi-7b mounted in a homemade body with dimensions 420x400x190 mm, assembled from duralumin plates with a thickness of 3 mm. The internal space of the housing is separated by a vertical partition for two compartments - 230 mm width for the amplifier and 190 mm for the power supply. T1 network transformers (1500 W) and T2 (100 W) were used ready, not standard, so there are no winding data for them. At the anode transformer T1, eight secondary windings, each of which issues a voltage of 230V at a load current 1 A. The T2 transformer has two secondary windings: one - on voltage 12.6 V and current 4 A, the second - 18 V current and current 1 A. The design of the broadband input transformer TK, made by type "binoculars", is shown in the figure.
The primary (input) winding is made of a copper pipe with a diameter of 5 mm. Secondary windings serve as a feet and a central conductor of the RG-58 coaxial cable, missed inside the primary winding. Such transformers were repeatedly described in amateur literature. The two winding choke L1 is a cylinder glued out of 15 magnetic lines of the K16x8x6 sizzy from ferrite M2000NM through which the network wires are missed. Throttle L2 - standard D-2.4 3MKHN. The design and number of turns of the throttle L3 are shown in the figure.
It is wound on a frame of fluoroplast with a Peso 0.44 with a wire. Throtes L4, L5 is one turn with a diameter of 20 mm copper strip 7 × 0.5 mm. The L6 coil has an outer diameter of 50 mm. It is made of a copper pipe with a diameter of 5 mm and contains 16 turns. The taps are made from the 4th, 6th, 10th and 15th turns, counting from the end connected with the C20 capacitor. The L7 coil contains 26 turns of a silver plated copper wire with a diameter of 2 mm, wounded in 1 mm in a frame with a diameter of 50 mm. The removal is made from the 12th turn, counting from the end connected with the L6 coil.
Resistor R9 - PEV-10, the rest - MLT oxide capacitors - K50-35 or similar imported. Permanent capacitors C17, C18 - KVI-3; C20-C24-K15U-1; C30- C32 - KTP-1; All blocking- K15-5 or similar imported. Capacitors C27 and C28 with air gaps - 2 and 1 mm, respectively. In fig. 1 shows the maximum values \u200b\u200bof their capacity. The P-circuit switch (SA3) is bicligate, from the R-130 radio station (transmitted to six positions). Relay K1, K2, K4, K5 - G2R-1 -e 24VDC (Omron). SD-TRIL-I2VDC SD-2CM-R (ITT) relay. Devices of RA1 and R2-M42100 with a current of the complete deviation of the arrow of 100 μA. The appearance of the amplifier from the front panel, as well as the types of its installation with the removed upper lid are shown on the 2nd p. Covers.
In the shown embodiment of this KV, the power amplifier on the Gi-7B to indicate the "RX" and "TX" modes is used a two-color LED (instead of two HL2 and HL3 LEDs in Fig.). The lamps are installed vertically on the box chassis with dimensions of 150x80x65 mm from aluminum. In the basement of the chassis there are stabilions VD11 -VD16, K2 relay and TZ transformer. The RF signal is supplied through the XW3 connector - CP50-74 PPF. The rear panel of the housing is installed in the power connector, FU1-FU3 fusion insert holders, RF connectors XW1 and XW2, jack x1. A flat-axis fan with a diameter of 120mm is installed between the lamps and the rear panel, and the hole of the same diameter is cut in the panel.
In the upper part of the P-shaped housing cover, holes are drilled with a diameter of at least 7 mm, which occupy about 50% of its area and serve to exit air, blowing the lamp. The combustion of the KV power amplifier on the Gi-7B is reduced to the installation of the initial anode current (reservoir current) 100 mA in the transmission mode of the selection of the number of stabilion in the cathode chains of the lamps.
How to reflash iPhone with PC and iTunes
Best Bitcoin Wallets for iOS Download application wallet on iPhone
Lenovo Vibe X2 Description, Features, User Reviews
The computer does not see the flash drive: causes and solving the problem
About Windows Update From Wannacry Encrypter Virus
Hot browser keys
New Mac Mini turned out to be five times more powerful than the predecessor