Television as a media. Massiamy is the press, radio, television as the media TV and the media in the world

Television, as one of the media, is the most popular of the media, covering both layers of the population that remain beyond the influence of other media. Specificity as means of creating, transferring and perceiving information. First, this specificity consists in the ability of electromagnetic oscillations carrying a television signal, penetratein the zone of the transmitter. With the advent of satellite television, the last limitation dropped, even more enhancing the position of the TV. Secondly, the specifics of the TV (in contrast to the radio) in his screenthat is, in transmitting information by means of a moving image accompanied by sound. Exactly speech provides directly sensual perception of television images,and therefore, their availability for the widest audience. Thirdly, television is able to report in a spelling form about the action at the time of its accomplishment. The simultaneity of the event and its display on the television screen (simultaneity) is hardly the most unique property of television.

1. Information function.The appointment of all media is to meet the information needs of a person, society, states. This also applies to television, which is distinguished by only the fact that it is capable of distributing information fully, faster, more expensive and emotionally more saturated than radio or print media.

2. Cultural and educational function. Naturally, the cultural and educational function of TV performs the broadcast of any cultural events: performances, concerts, film and televisionilms. Speaking about the admission of the audience to art through television, it is impossible, of course, not to note a certain "inferiority" of such a dating, however, it should be recognized: for a huge variety of people, it is hardly the only opportunity to get acquainted with those or other works of art. In cultural and educational programs, the element of didactics is very often present, editing. The task of the authors is to make it unobtrusive, extremely delicate.

3. Integrative function. All media support the normal functioning of society, which applies to their impact. A certain community of people constituting the audience of the television media is already made up of the fact that a certain number of people consciously looks at this or that program. The task of television is the development of this feeling of the involvement of everyone to everyone. Strengthening the value for the value for the value installations (onto universal, national and other valuables), as well as countering destructive trends in relation to society, should be dominant TV, as well as any other media. And in this sense, the implementation of the integrative function of the TV is significantly complicated where the composition of the audience is complicated: in national, confessional terms. It is also necessary to account for the interests of various social and age groups.

4. Socio-pedagogical or managerial function. The implementation of this function implies direct involvement in a particular system of impact on the population, to promote a certain way of life with a corresponding set of political, moral and spiritual values. The degree of this involvement and measure of TV impact on the audience in the plane of performing this function depends on the system in which this television media operates.

5. Organizational function.. An example of the implementation of this function can be, let's say, many hours of telemacefones with charitable purposes. It is necessary to clearly distinguish it from the managerial function, where television is more like a tool.

6. Educational function. In fact, the relationship is practically no journalism. Under the educational function TV is a broadcasting of training cycles to help people receiving or other education (for example, didactic transmissions for studying languages \u200b\u200bfor applicants to universities, etc.).

7. Rereactive function. Also, little is associated with journalism. Recreation is a vacation, relaxation, restoration of forces. Journalists can participate in the creation of entertainment programs of the recreational focus as editors leading.

Common with other media. (from the abstracts of Nikitos)

Radio: - Sourgery of the electromagnetic signal; - general functions; -professes; - calculation on the masses; -Rech (oral, literary); - genre peculiarity; -product exists in space and time; -Format, ratings, timing; - Epoch Internet.

With the theater: - relationship; - pro-leather; - attendance; -Mengetic space.

Specificity TV.

Immediacy; omnipresence; Speed; The simultaneity of the event and its display on the television screen (simultaneity); Effect of involvement; Maximum personification (known persons); Documentality, truthfulness, accuracy, telegenyism.

A televisionlike one of the media is the most mass media, encompassing those segments of the population that remain beyond the influence of other media.

Secondly, the specifics of the TV (in contrast to the radio) in its scope, that is, in the transmission of information by means of a moving image accompanied by sound. It is the screen that provides directly sensual perception of television images, which means their availability for the widest audience. In contrast, for example, from radio, television information comes to the viewer in two planes: verbal (verbal) and non-verbal, visual. The idiotic nature of television communication is enhanced by personification of information, television in a large number of cases involves the personality contacts of the author or leading and participants in the transmission with the audience. Teleinformation personification has long been established all over the world as the principle of broadcasting, as the essentual difference between television journalism from its other birth.

Thirdly, television is able to report in a spelling form about the action at the time of its accomplishment. Simultaneous events and display on the television screen ( simultaneity) It is hardly the most unique property of television. Simultanity is present in television gears not constantly, however, is of great importance for the psychology of the audience perception, as if reminding the reliability of the action taking place on the screen. The simultaneity that creates the effect of the viewer's presence at the site of events attaches, as noted above, television reporting is particularly reliable, documentality, realistic, which ensures exception in solving informational tasks Television as one of the varieties of the media.

It is from these specific properties of television, in turn, in turn, many functional, structural, expressive, aesthetic features and the possibilities of television that took place with the development and improvement of their technical bases a special place in the mass media system. The availability of features determines both the functions that perform television in the modern world.

All media support the normal functioning of society, which applies to their impact. A certain community of people constituting the audience of the television media is already made up of the fact that a certain number of people consciously looks at this or that program. Television task - The development of this feeling of the involvement of everyone to everyone. Strengthening the value for the value for the value installations (onto universal, national and other valuables), as well as countering destructive trends in relation to society, should be dominant TV, as well as any other media. And in this sense, the implementation of the integrative function of the TV is significantly complicated where the composition of the audience is complicated: in national, confessional terms. It is also necessary to account for the interests of various social and age groups.

About TV They speak as a means of controlling the people for the actions of the authorities (speaking by the language of television terminology - the audience for the system). Especially strongly similar attitude to the media in general and to TV in particular in the population of post-Soviet states. People are waiting for the reaction of the authorities to critical performances concerning certain phenomena of life, on the inertia, which came from the Soviet system, while the media is only a way to convey information about these phenomena to their audience.

The appointment of all media is to meet the information needs of a person, society, states. This also applies to television, which is characterized by the fact that it is capable of disseminating information fully, faster, more expensive and emotionally more saturated than radio or print media.

History of information television.

1895 entered the history of mankind as a year of opening radio and cinema. But even earlier, in many countries of the world, attempts to transfer the image to the distance along the wires were made.

In 1880, P.I. The Bakhmetyev was proposed a scheme that lightened later as the basis of television: for transmission, the image should be previously decomposed on the elements that are transmitted and again collected into a single integer.

In 1888-1889 Professor A.G. Forces discovered the principled possibility of direct transformation of light energy into electric.

In 1907, B.L. Roseng patented the principle acting in modern TVs: for conversion electrical signals In the luminous image, a cathode electron beam tube is used (created by the Englishman V. Crox and improved by German F. Brown). B.L. Roseng around the world is considered the founder electronic television.

In practice, for the first time, the moving image was transferred to the distance electronic method July 26, 1928 in the laboratory in Tashkent by Soviet inventors. In parallel, Russian emigrants V. Zvorkin and D. Sarnov worked on the idea of \u200b\u200belectronic television. The world's first color television system was based on the development of the Russian scientist A. Polookov, Armenian A. Adamyan, American F. Farnsworth, the British C. Swinton and L. Berda. The world's first television session was implemented in 1928 in Germany, experimental broadcast began in 1935.

From 1936 to 1939, regular transmissions of the BBC, interrupted by the war were carried out. In the US, television history began in 1939.

April 30, 1931 The first experienced television transfer was carried out from Moscow, from October 1, 1931, regular sound transmissions began in the middle-raccion. Television receivers in most cases were self-made, manufactured radio amateurs.

The real mass production of electronic TVs began in the 1950s, it was the KVN-49 TV brand (according to the first letters of the names of the designers - Koenigson, Warsaw, Nikolaevsky) with a 18 cm screen diagonally.

In 1950, television had three countries in the world - the USSR, USA, England. By the 1960s - television broadcast was in 20 countries of Europe. By the beginning of the 80s, according to UNESCO, television existed in 137 countries of the world.

In the 2nd half of the 50s, the construction of television cable lines began in the USSR, in Europe in the 50s, there was already thick cable network. In the 1960s, with the improvement of technical means for land broadcast, a network of radio relay stations began to grow, through which the television signal is transmitted to the distance along the ether - from one station to another. At about the same time, satellite television broadcasts began to develop.

Another technical problem, which was solved as TV development, there was a fixation of a television image. Already in the 50s in most countries where television existed, came to the conclusion about the inconvenience of use in the television of the film. The output was found by the American company "AMPEX", founded by the Russian emigrant by Anatoly Mikhailovich Peksin, proposing the equipment and technology for recording the image and sound to the ferromagnetic film. It was nothing more than a VCR record.

In the process of creative formation of television and television journalist, it is necessary to celebrate the date January 1, 1968when the first issue was released on the air information program "Time". A certain splash occurred in the second half of the 80s, during the period of restructuring: during this period there are euphoria of direct ether (live broadcasts from the congresses of People's Deputies of the USSR, journalistic programs in live air - "Look", "12th floor").

Since 1991, the history of television of new independent states formed in the territory of the USSR begins its own countdown. The 90s were marked by another fact: almost all theorists of television converge in the opinion that the undivided domination of the airtal television comes an end. By the end of the decade, the group was finally formed. newest technologies Telecommunications: Cable Broadcasting, Direct satellite television, Broadcasting B. computer network The Internet. In addition, a group of potentially promising "megakanal" technologies is formed: digital TV, fiber-optic systems for 500 or more interactive channels, cellular radio and TV, etc.

The most important trend of the end of the millennium was the global crisis of state television. Centralized forms of broadcasting around the world go back in the past, television broadcasting occurs - first, interactive (bilateral) television technologies are promising - secondly. However, these are prospects for the 21st century, in the next few decades the classical essential television Only complemented by the latest television technologies, at the same time stimulating their development.

television screen broadcasting mass

Features and television capabilities

The predecessor of television is cinema. Hence such a bright similarity of two of these types of art. Telemen, like the cinema displays real validity on the screen by moving visual images, accompanied by sound. In addition, it borrowed the richest arsenal of flexible, capacious, strong expressive agents and adapted him to their peculiarities. The basis of the language is also common, because here and there before the viewer two-dimensional screen. But still the aesthetic differences between them exist.

It is worth noting the bright relationship of television with his "senior" brethren - printing and radio. They endowed television with social features. Without them, it is impossible to understand the nature of television.

Understand all the pros and cons of television we can only studying the specifics this means Mass media. Television's ability to cover the widest sections of the population, even those that remain outside the influence of other mass communication, is explained by the peculiarities of its physical nature that determines the specifics of television as means of creating and sending a message.

The omnipresent of television (television) is the ability of electromagnetic oscillations that carry a television signal received by the TV, penetrate any point of space.

Speech - the ability to transmit messages in the form of moving images accompanied by sound. Due to the screen, television images are perceived directly sensually, and therefore are available to the widest audience.

The immediacy is the ability to report in a speastal form about the action, an event at the time of its commitment. The simultaneity of action, events and display it on the screen is a unique quality of television. It, however, is detected only in the process of direct transmission, when the image goes to ether directly from television chambers, without mediated preliminary fixation, i.e. at present.

Simultaneousness - TV ability to talk about the event at the time of its commission - live broadcast. Simultaneous observation and broadcasting. It is inextricably linked with his immediacy, these are two sides of one phenomenon. It is manifested in real programs and is very significant for the psychology of the audience perception, since it determines the special accuracy of television action. In this case, the television program unfolds in parallel with the current life of the viewer.

IN lately Everything is noticeable in the lack of interest of the reader to the personality of the author. Young people rarely pay attention even to journalists - news makers. But this testifies only to the standard of texts written as if one faceless journalist. In the case of television, the situation is different. A person may not always remember the text, but argues about what he is, the motives of his appearance, in which he is the mood and well-being. All this refers to non-verbal information that must be considered when analyzing the content of a TV show.

The spelling nature of television restores the personal contact of the audience with the communicator to compile a judgment about him and the significance of its message. This is exactly what attractiveness is attracted to the audience of television information personified by its author and participants of the event. This explains the desire of television companies to have permanent leading and reporters, whose identity would attract the sympathy and confidence of the audience. The high level of personification when the viewer begins to empathize the hero of the story, as if representing himself in his place.

The highest level of personification - when the journalist is waiting on the screen for the sake of himself, waiting like a leader of opinions, an interpreter of complex problems, as a significant personality in moral, spiritual plan. The competent application of the Personification principle is possible even in the so-called "special reportage" of modern news. The presence of a chief character is considered necessary. Passers around the street and the witness of an unusual fact, a person experienced a complex injury or loss, a student, teacher, a cook, a deputy - such are carriers of personalized information. All of them carry from the screen not only applied information about this event, but also more: the mood of the people, his spiritual appearance.

These are signs of television as a means and channel messaging channel. The meaning of them is large. Many functional, structural, expressive, aesthetic features and television capabilities depend on them.

Special, the unique documentary of the television image is explained, firstly, it is formed (like a photo and bookbook) as a result of the processes leaking objectively, outside the human intervention, and secondly (and this is especially essential), the fact that The difference from photography and cinema Television technique ensures the simulation of the formation of the image and its perception by the viewer. It is precisely the reason for the phenomenon of special reliability, television documentation, in this sense who does not have equal in any of the species of fine art and mass communication.

Due to the endowss of television, there is a continuity of communication of the program with a viewer, which determines the functional differences between the cinema and television, which in turn is reflected in the message structure, affects the use of expression tools. Therefore, there can be no speech about the full identity of television and cinema. In addition, the immediacy of the television determines the principled possibility of extremely prompt and disseminate information; Of course, it is extremely important for television as a kind of journalism. It is no less important that the simultaneity of direct TV shows acts as a factor that gives television reporting specificity, documentation - quality is also extremely significant for the successful solution of information and social problems. The main difference is that of all the possibilities of reflection of reality, which has television, cinema is deprived of only one - the ability to show the event on the screen at the time of its commission.

A distinctive feature between movies and television is also a direct difference between the functions of the author and the journalist, as the creators of these information products. Territical allocates the following functions of the journalist:

- creating a specific information "model" of the displayed phenomenon;
- establishment of causal relationships;
- identifying the importance of the phenomenon;
- determination of the future state of the studied phenomenon (forecast);
- Formulation of programs, action plans associated with the analyzed phenomenon.

Choosing a genre as the most important ingredient of the copyright, the journalist is guided by three main factors: the subject of reflection, the purpose of reflection, the reflection method. As reflection items are: news, problem, personality. Reflection methods serve: presentation, description, image.

We add that in a professional-practical sense there is nothing galloping to consider journalistic activities as a service to man and even serving it. This means not only the satisfaction of its requests in the subject or forms of speeches. It is also necessary to take into account the intellectual level of specific consumers of journalistic products and the ability to perceive the proposed materials, in every way to avoid alienating a person from the world of mass communication.

Don't forget that for fullness information flows television, it is necessary to cooperate representatives of the most different species Activities, various types of information production, ranging from the presidential administration and ending with the departments of weather forecasts of Meteorology. The organizer of such cooperation and the "plot of assembly" is journalism. Immediately causes a person to psychological installation on the "effect of presence", on special confidence in the program and TV presenter. By virtue of this installation, even a pre-fixed transmission will be perceived by the viewer, as definitely, a reliable message.

Here you need an introductory proposal, showing that now we are talking about functions, and that with the previous paragraph is not connected.

Television features:

- implements the concept of social information that integrates three main directions: educational, informative and prognostic;
- creates the background of our life, leisure business activity, all our lives;
- unites society around acute problems, national interests;
- attracts to the discussion of urgent social problems, brings up views, humanistic position, environmental ethics, forms the life position of each member of society and creates an operational feedback with a multimillion audience, these contacts form a public consciousness, contributes to the comprehensive and harmonious development of society, give a sense of moral connection with the epoch;
- it can become a public tribune, and a place with which power, central and regional, legislative and executive can report to the people, clarify their policies, mobilize the ranks of their supporters;
- solving the main task of social informatization of society, it is trying to implement the areas of psychological laws of interaction between society and informatics based on the use of sensory, logical and paradigmatic information;
- Tell the viewer information about a wide range of contradictory opinions, thereby presenting the possibility of choice.

As a result, we can conclude that the mass communication system needs funds most adequately reflecting reality, television in this regard is most effectively as the synthesis of oral words and a moving image.

The establishment of contact with the audience, the impact on it, orientation for one or another issues of public life, entertaining informing, forming mass consciousness - all these are modern functions of journalism. So, what is the very concept of function?

Function (from lat. "FUNCTIO" - the duty, appointment) of journalism characterizes the combination of its responsibilities and the tasks performed by it. Any human activity brings with them any goal. A person seeks to get the result from the goal, but "it is necessary to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe desired result." The essence of the goal of current journalistic information is to distribute it and report it to the mass audience. If it does not complete one of its most important primary functions, then the implementation of secondary should not even think about it.

When entering into a new, modern, information era increased the interest and need for the mastery of additional knowledge, hence the growth of the media value. S.G. Corconosenko, based on the socio-role characteristic, offers a subject's approach to the system of functions of journalism.

Among the subjects using the press in their own interests, the general is society, social system: There are important integration and cognitive functions of journalism. For another subject - social structure within society - agitation and propaganda and organizational; For the third personality - orienting and moral and psychological satisfaction. For journalists, press performs a professional and creative feature. Considering what role the journalistic information is initially involved, it is necessary to consider in more detail all the "space of functions".

Researchers offer a list of important, in their opinion, ways to function journalism. In Soviet science, the so-called triune function, described in the compositions of V.I., was widened in Soviet science. Lenin: the newspaper is not only a collective propagandist and a collective agitator, but also a collective organizer.

In the 1960s, some sociologists began to allocate informational, educational, educational, regulatory, hedonistic functions. And once the teacher of one of the universities reported at the scientific seminar, that their teaching staff was decided to take the basis of only two functions - information and educational.

V.L. Zwick refuses the party and Soviet press, where the main functions are: propaganda, agitation and organizational. In his writings, as a basis of all functions, he takes an informational, the term "propaganda" function is replaced with a socio-pedagogical function, separately allocates the function of social management, the direct-restrictive, resulting from the organizational, for the entertainment function identifies - recreational, cultural and educational, flowing From the recreational and integrative, as the most important function that many researchers are distinguished.

As we can see, in modern journalism, every researcher gives the world its idea of \u200b\u200bsocial media functions, so we decided to "come from the standpoint of their system group. Then the question of choosing the foundation for the classification will rise. "

Thus, we turned to the most common classifications of functions in the works of Professor C.G. Corconostenko and the works of Professor MSU V.T. Tretyakova. They proceed from various end results, the following groups of functions were formed: information, communicatively - integration, organizational, ideological, cultural and educational, advertising and reference, historical and recreational. We will consider them in more detail in the next paragraph.

The media represent the institutions created for open, public transmission using a special technical toolkit of various information to any persons - this is a relatively independent system characterized by the multiple component of the elements: content, properties, forms, methods and certain levels of the organization (in the country, in the region, production). Distinctive features The media is publicity, i.e., an unlimited range of users; the presence of special technical devices, equipment; The non-permanent amount of the audience varying depending on the manifested interest in one or another, message or article.

The following types are allocated in the media system:

1. Printing media
2. Television
3. Radio broadcasting
4. Internet media

Television - from Greek. "Tele" - "far" and "Viseo" - "see". In the USSR, the Central Television Studio was created in 1951. Due to the specifics of the television signal spreading with short waves, television for a long time It remained "local". His march in the country began with the advent of radio relay lines, the first of which - "Moscow - Kiev" - was held in 1960. 1962 was marked by the cancellation of the subscription fee for television. In 1967, a permanent space connection was entered into force - the Orbit system. Totalitarian character state Device The centralization of television corresponded. The opinions that appeared in the top of the ideological unprofitability of regional TV led to the fact that in the 70s. A number of local studios were closed. By the mid 80s. In the USSR, 40% of administrative centers did not have their own television.

"The troubles of telepublicistics and telekinos, accumulated year of year ..., for the second half of the 80s, have not been realized not as individual shortcomings, but rather, as a complete system of countering the development of television creativity, every fresh idea and just common sense," writes a prominent domestic Teleanalytics S. Muratov. The post-Soviet period in the development of domestic television was noted by cardinal variables, a powerful surge of creative and organizational activity. Currently TV occupies a leading position in the media system.

Television went into life in the 1930s and became like a radio, an equal member of the "triumvirata" of the media in the 60s of the XX century. In the future, it developed ahead of the pace and for a number of parameters (event information, culture, entertainment) moved to the first place. On the this moment Television is the most extensive and popular media in the current modern Russia. It provides the Russian society with information, as well as affects the cultural information situation in the Russian modern society. Television develops society, fills his leisure, as well as informs about the incidents in the country, entertains, and often teaches. Television mainly affects the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof society, on the style of the worldview of people, for the whole building of thinking, on the culture of our time.

Television specificity was born as if at the intersection of radio and movies. From radio television, it took the opportunity to transmit a signal using radio waves to distant distances (though due to the fact that television uses meter and decimeter waves propagating in a straight line, long distances television can only be overcome using ground relay lines or space satellite communications) . This signal simultaneously has sound and video information, which on the TV screen, depending on the nature of the transmission carries the filmmatic nature or the character of the camera, scheme, graphics, etc. In other words, the video sequence on television can be a similar film and book-magazine-newspaper forms of presentation of video materials (both in black and white and in a color version), with those constraints that are associated with dimensions, color reproduction capabilities that resolve the television screen. Printing text can be played on the TV screen.

Like on the radio, there may be an organization of operational programs on television both from the studio and from the scene (although direct inclusion It has a number of technical procedures overcome with the development of video equipment and communication channels). The advantages of such an operational "living" transmission running directly on the air from the place of the event are significantly higher than that of the radio, the "presence effect", since there are sound and video and video in organic unity and both most important types of human receptors are involved, which ensures the creation Strong ties with the audience. The unity of audiovisual (outer) funds creates the same features for the film recorded on film (film or video), which occupy a significant place in the program structure.

Audiovisual synthesis on television may acquire different forms - "Audio" and "Video" can also act on equal terms, but in the necessary cases of transmission are made with an emphasis or on a sound row, either on the video series (such as, for example, the transmission from the art gallery). Significant, sometimes a decisive role for the quality of gear is installed (even in the case of one actor), the skillful use of a close-up plan, the Temporitmic organization of the material supply. The specifics of television determines the features of all types of programs - and journalistic, and artistic, and popular science. For a journalist television, it is important to take into account the features of the perception of the audience programs. Although in the aggregate, the television audience is millions, the screen is usually going small, most often a family, a group of people, and the viewing takes place, as a rule, at home. This is a very important circumstance. If the press is initially designed to read alone and in a variety of conditions, if listening to the radio transmission can also pass in a wide variety of conditions and mainly individually, then television requires the ability to contact simultaneously to the millionth audience, and to a small group of people, the contact with which should happen At a high level of confidence.

The mass audience appeals to television mainly in his free time, most often in the evening after the working day or in the days of rest, which requires the journalists of the ability to combine informational saturation with high levels Fascination, with the ability to "enter" the transfer to the watch and prepare for the next business day. Thus, television media have the following pros and cons.

Pluses TV:

-Operativeness (live broadcast);
- maximum effect of presence, enhancing

reliability at the viewer;

Conditional free receipt information.

Minus

Forcedness - the transfer can be viewed at the moment when it is demonstrated.

A huge number of all sorts of TV channels over time led society to the need to search and comprehend the typological characteristics of this type of media. The study of the type-forming signs, the dissection of system-forming relations is still subject to the dispute of many journalism theoretical scientists.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Television as a media. Massiamy is the press, radio, television as the media TV and the media in the world

Features and television capabilities

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents