Collect home speakers. Making speaker systems with your own hands. Devices with a closed case

Before a detailed consideration of the problem, we outline the range of tasks, knowing the ultimate goal, it will be easier to choose the right direction. Making speaker systems with your own hands is an infrequent case. Practiced by pros, novice musicians, when store options do not suit. The problem arises of embedding into furniture or high-quality listening to existing media. These are typical examples that are solved by a set of generally accepted methods. We will deal with the consideration. We do not recommend flipping the speaker device diagonally, delve into it!

The device of acoustic systems

There is no chance of making a speaker system yourself without understanding the theory. Music lovers should be aware that the biological species Homo Sapiens hears sound vibrations of frequencies from 16 to 20,000 Hz with the inner ear. When it comes to classic masterpieces, the range is high. The lower edge is 40 Hz, the upper edge is 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). The physical meaning of this fact is that not all speakers are able to reproduce the full spectrum at once. Relatively slow frequencies are better suited for massive subwoofers, and squealing at the lower boundary is reproduced by smaller loudspeakers. It is clear that for most people this does not mean anything. And even if part of the signal is lost, it will not be played, no one will notice it.

We believe that those who set the goal self-production speakers must critically evaluate the sound. It will be useful to know that a good speaker has two or more speakers in order to be able to reflect the sound of a wide swath of the audible spectrum. But there is only one subwoofer even in complex systems. This is due to the fact that low frequencies make the environment vibrate, penetrating even through walls. It becomes unclear where the bass is coming from. Consequently, there is one low-frequency speaker - a subwoofer. But as for other things, the person will confidently say from which direction this or that special effect came (the ultrasound beam is blocked by the palm).

In connection with the above, we will carry out the division of the acoustic systems:

1. Sound in Mono format is unpopular, so we avoid touching on historical excursions.
2. Stereo sound is provided by two channels. Both contain low and high frequencies. Equivalent speakers with a pair of speakers (bass and squeak) are better suited.
3. Sound Around is distinguished by the presence of more channels that create a surround sound effect. We avoid getting carried away with subtleties, traditionally 5 speakers plus a subwoofer convey the range to music lovers. The design is diverse. Research is still underway to improve the transmission quality of acoustics. The traditional arrangement is as follows: in the four corners of the room (roughly speaking) along the column, the subwoofer is on the floor to the left or in the center, the front speaker is placed under the TV. The latter, in any case, is supplied with two or more speakers.

It is important to create the right enclosure for each speaker. Low frequencies will require a wooden resonator, for the upper end of the range it does not matter. In the first case, the sides of the box serve as additional emitters. You will find a video showing the overall dimensions corresponding to the wavelengths of low frequencies in science, it practically remains to copy ready-made structures, the topic is devoid of useful literature.

The circle of tasks is outlined, readers understand - a homemade acoustic system is built with the following elements:

• a set of speaker frequencies according to the number of channels;
• plywood, veneer, body boards;
• decorative elements, paint, varnish, stain.

Acoustics design

Initially, we select the number of columns, type, location. Obviously, to manufacture in a larger number than a home theater has channels is an unreasonable tactical move. Two speakers are enough for a cassette recorder. At least six cases will be released for home theaters (there will be more speakers). According to the needs, accessories are built into furniture, the quality of low frequency reproduction is lame. Now the question of the choice of speakers: in the publication by Naidenko, Karpov, the nomenclature is given:

1. Low frequencies - head CA21RE (H397) 8 inches landing.
2. Mid range - 5 "MP14RCY / P (H522) head.
3. Treble - 27TDC (H1149) head 27mm.

Provided the basic principles of designing acoustic systems, offered electrical circuit a filter that cuts the flow into two parts (the above is a list of three sub-bands), they gave the name of purchased speakers that solve the problem of creating two speakers stereo... We avoid repeating ourselves, readers can take the trouble to look through the section, find specific titles.

The next question will be the filter. We believe National Semiconductor will not be offended if we screen a drawing of Ridiko's translation amplifier. Figure shows active filter with a power supply of +15, -15 volts, 5 microcircuits of the same type (operational amplifiers), the cutoff frequency of the subbands is calculated by the formula shown in the image (duplicated in text):

P is the number Pi known to schoolchildren (3.14); R, C - resistor and capacitance values. In the figure, R = 24 kOhm, C is hushed up.

Active filter powered by electrical current

Taking into account the capabilities of the selected speakers, the reader will be able to choose the parameter. The characteristics of the column's playback strip are taken, the overlap joint is located between them, the cutoff frequency is placed there. Thanks to the formula, we calculate the value of the capacity. Avoid touching the resistance rating, reason: it can (controversial fact) set the operating point of the amplifier, the transmission coefficient. On frequency response, given in the translation, which we omit, the boundary is 1 kHz. Let's calculate the capacity of the specified case:

C = 1 / 2P Rf = 1/2 x 3.14 x 24000 x 1000 = 6.6 pF.

Not so hot what a large capacity, it is selected from the condition of the maximum allowable voltage. In a circuit with +15 and -15 V sources, there is hardly a nominal value that exceeds the total level (30 volts), take a breakdown voltage (the reference book will help) at least 50 volts. Do not try to put in DC electrolytic capacitors, the circuit takes a chance to fly into the air. There is no point in looking for the original circuit of the LM833 chip due to Sisyphean labor. Some readers will find a different chip replacement ... hope for your understanding.

As for the relatively small capacitance of the capacitors (retail and total), the description of the filter says: due to the low impedance of the heads without active components, the ratings would have to be increased. Naturally causing the appearance of distortions due to the presence of electrolytic capacitors, coils with a ferromagnetic core. Feel free to move the scaling limit, the overall bandwidth remains the same.

Passive filters will be assembled with their own hands by each trained in soldering, school physics course. In extreme cases, enlist the help of Gonorovsky, the subtleties of signal transmission through radio-electronic lines with nonlinear properties are nowhere better described. The given material interested the authors with low and high frequency filters. Those who wish to divide the signal into three parts should read the works that reveal the basis of bandpass filters. The maximum allowable (or breakdown) voltage will be negligible, the rating will become significant. To match the mentioned electrolytic capacitors with a capacity of tens of microfarads (three orders of magnitude higher than those used by an active filter).

Beginners are concerned about the issue of obtaining a voltage of +15, -15 V to power the speaker systems. Wind up the transformer (the example was given, the PC program Trans50Hz), supply a full-wave rectifier ( diode bridge), filter, enjoy. Finally, active or passive filter buy it. The specified little thing is called a crossover, carefully select the speakers, correlate the ranges more precisely with the filter parameters.

There are many calculators on the internet for passive speaker crossovers (http://ccs.exl.info/calc_cr.html). The calculation program accepts the input impedances of the speakers, the division frequency as the initial numbers. Enter the data, the robot will quickly supply the capacitance and inductance values. On the page shown, set the filter type (Bessel, Butterworth, Linkwitz-Riley). In our opinion, a task for the pros. The above active stage is formed by 2nd order Butterworth filters (frequency response rate of 12 dB per octave). Regarding the frequency (AFC) characteristics of the system, it is understandable only for professionals. When in doubt, choose the middle ground. In the literal sense, put a daw on the third circle (Bessel).

Acoustics of computer speakers

I had a chance to watch a video on YouTube: the young man announced that he would make a speaker system with his own hands. The lad is talented: he ruined the speakers personal computer- well, nothing at all - I brought out God's amplifier with a regulator, put it in a matchbox (speaker case). Computer speakers are known for poor bass reproduction. The devices themselves are small, lightweight, and secondly, the bourgeoisie save materials. Where does the bass come from in the speaker system? The young man took ... read on!

Most expensive component music center... High-end acoustics cost bypasses a cheap apartment. Repair, assembly of speakers is a good business.

The low-frequency amplifier of the acoustic system will be assembled by an advanced radio amateur, no kulibins are needed. The volume control knob sticks out of the matchbox, the input is on one side, the output is on the other. The speakers of the old speaker system are small. The young man got hold of an old loudspeaker, not fabulous, but solid. From the column of the Soviet times of the acoustic system.

So that the sound does not disturb the air with a squeak, the clever youth put together one inch boards with a box. The speaker of an old speaker system was placed in the size of a mailbox, displaced, as is done by manufacturers of modern home theater subwoofers. I was too lazy to finish the column from the inside with a sound insulator. Anyone who wants to can use batting, another similar material for the speaker system. Small loudspeakers are placed inside oblong boxes that just contain the loudspeaker at the end. The proud boy connected one speaker channel to two small speakers, the other to one large one. Works.

The young man is a fabulous fellow, does not drink in the alleyway, being like his peers, does not spoil future brides in his free time, is busy with business. As one friend used to say: "The younger generation is forgiven for a lack of knowledge and experience, not an excess of impudence, reinforced by indifference."

Improvements

We decided to improve the technique, frankly we hope that the addition will help to make the speaker system on its own a little better. Problem? The concept was invented by radio engineers, creators of acoustic systems - frequency. The vibration of the universe has a frequency. They say that even a person's aura is inherent. It is not without reason that each solid speaker accommodates several speakers. Large ones are designed for low frequencies, bass; others are for medium and high. Not only the size, but also the device they have is different. We have already discussed this issue and refer those interested to the written reviews, where the classification of acoustic systems is given, the principles of operation of the most popular ones are revealed.

Computer scientists know a system buzzer that works by interrupting the BIOS, which seems to be capable of producing one sound, but talented programmers wrote out fanciful melodies on it, even with an attempt at digital synthesis and voice reproduction. However, if desired, such a tweeter cannot give out a bass.

Why this conversation ... A large speaker should not just be adapted to one of the channels, but a specialization of bass should be awarded. As you know, most modern compositions (we don't take Sound Around) are designed for two channels (stereo playback). It turns out that two identical dynamics (small) play the same notes, the meaning is small. At the same time, bass is lost from the same channel, and high frequencies are lost on a large speaker. How to be? We propose to introduce passive bandpass filters into the circuit, which will help to split the stream into two parts. We take the scheme of a foreign publication for the simple reason that it first caught my eye. Here is a link to the original site chegdomyn.narod.ru. The radio amateur copied it from the book, we apologize to the author for not specifying the source. This is for the simple reason that we do not know it.

So, the picture. The words Woofer and Tweeter are striking at once. As you might guess, this is, respectively, a subwoofer for low frequencies, and a speaker for high frequencies. The range of musical works is covered from 50-20000 Hz, with the subwoofer having a low frequency band. Radio amateurs can calculate the bandwidth themselves using well-known formulas; for comparison, the first octave is, as you know, 440 Hz. We believe that such a division is suitable for our case. I just would like to find two large speakers, one for each channel. We look at the diagram ...

Not exactly a musical scheme. In the position occupied by the system, the voice is filtered. Range 300-3000 Hz. The switch is signed by Narrow, translated as stripe. To get Wide playback, omit the terminals. Music fans can throw out the Narrow bandpass filter, we recommend that those who surf Skype should avoid a hasty decision. The circuit will completely eliminate the microphone's looping effect, known everywhere: the high-pitched hum due to over-amplification (positive feedback). Valuable effect, even the military knows the difficulties of using speakerphone... The laptop owner is aware ...

To eliminate the feedback effect, study the question, find at what frequency the system resonates, cut off the excess with a filter. Very comfortably. With regard to popular music, turn off the microphone, take it away from the speakers (in the case of karaoke), and start singing. Let's leave the high and low pass filters unchanged, the products were calculated by unknown Western friends. For those having difficulty reading foreign drawings, we explain, the diagram shows (the Narrow bandpass filter is discarded):

1. Capacity 4 μF.
2. Non-inductive resistances R1, R2 with a nominal value of 2.4 ohms, 20 ohms.
3. Inductance (coil) 0.27 mH.
4. Resistance R3 8 Ohm.
5. Capacitor C4 17 uF.

The speakers must match. Tips of the specified site. MSM 1853 will go as a subwoofer, PE 270-175 will serve as a squeaker (the word was not written off). Calculate the bandwidth yourself. The large letter Ω means kΩ - no big deal, change the denomination. As a reminder, capacitors connected in parallel add up like resistors connected in series. In case it is difficult to get suitable denominations. It is unlikely that it will be possible to make speakers with your own hands, to gain small resistance values ​​in reality. Do not use coils, we cut out plates of nichrome, similar alloys. After manufacturing, the resistor is varnished, no large current is planned, the element should not be protected.

Inductors are easier to wind on your own. It is logical to use an online calculator, after setting the capacity, we get the parameters: the number of turns, diameter, core material, core thickness. Let's give an example, avoiding being unfounded. We visit Yandex, type something like “ online calculator inductance ". We get a number of search results. We choose the site we like, we begin to think how to wind the inductance of the speaker system with a nominal value of 0.27 mH. We liked the site coil32.narod.ru, let's get started.

Initial information: inductance 0.27 mH, frame diameter 15 mm, PEL wire 0.2, winding length 40 mm.

The question immediately arises, seeing the calculator where to get the nominal diameter of the insulated wire ... We worked hard, found on the website servomotors.ru a table taken from the reference book, which is given in the review, consider it to your health. The diameter of the copper is 0.2 mm, the diameter of the insulated conductor is 0.225 mm. We boldly feed the values ​​to the calculator, calculating the required values.

The result is a two-layer coil, the number of turns is 226. The length of the wire was 10.88 meters with a resistance of about 6 ohms. The main parameters have been found, we are starting to wind. Homemade speaker system is performed in self made case, there is a place to attach the filter. We connect a buzzer to one output, and a subwoofer to the other. A few words about amplification. It may be that the amplifier stage will not pull four speakers. Each circuit is characterized by a certain load capacity, you cannot jump higher. The design of the loudspeaker system is designed with a fixed margin, often an emitter follower is used to match the load. A stage that makes the circuit work, full return to any speaker.

Parting words for novice designers

We believe we have helped readers understand how to properly design a speaker system. Passive elements (capacitors, resistors, inductors) can be obtained and manufactured by everyone. It remains to assemble the speaker case with your own hands. And this, we believe, will not be the case. It is important to understand that music is shaped by a gamut of frequencies cut off by an improperly manufactured device. When you are going to make a speaker system, think about it, look for components. It is important to convey the magnificence of the melody, there will be firm confidence: the work was not in vain. The speaker system will last a long time and will give you joy.

We believe readers will enjoy making speaker systems with their own hands. The time to come is unique. Believe me, at the beginning of the XX century it was impossible to scoop up tons of information every day. The training took the form of hard painstaking work. I had to rummage through the dusty shelves of libraries. Enjoy the internet. Stradivari impregnated the wood of violins with a unique composition. Violinists of our time continue to choose Italian specimens. Think about it, 30 years have passed, the cart is left behind.

The current generation knows the brands of adhesives and the names of materials. The necessary items are sold by shops. The USSR deprived people of abundance by providing them with relative stability. Today, the advantage is described by the possibility of inventing unique ways of earning money. A self-taught professional will cut down cabbages everywhere.

Unfortunately, not all of us can afford to have a high-quality speaker system in our home. Now even the cheapest option will cost at least 10 thousand rubles. However, do not buy low-quality speakers that emit a squeaky sound? If you are so eager to have your own in the house, you can do it yourself.

Moreover, all suitable parts and elements can be purchased almost anywhere, and their cost will certainly not be 10 thousand rubles. How to do it yourself? You will learn about this from our today's article.

Instrument preparation

So, in the course of work we need the following materials and tools:

• screwdriver;
• chipboard or MDF sheet (for the manufacture of the speaker cabinet);
• marker;
• jigsaw;
• 400 W PC power supply;
• radio tape recorder;
• Bulgarian;
• a pair of acoustic speakers;
• furniture screws and screws;
• sealant (best used with silicone);
• voltmeter and glue.

Before assembling, first of all, check the operation of the radio and find out whether it can be powered or not. It is also necessary to test the speakers for sound quality. After that, you can safely start making the case and other elements of the speaker system.

Manufacturing of the case

As the walls for the column, you can use a regular MDF or chipboard sheet. At the same time, it is unacceptable to use plywood, since by its characteristics it is very flexible and emits a strong resonance. When making a cabinet for a speaker system, also take into account the fact that the more air remains inside the box, the softer the bass will be. Therefore, leave as much free space as possible, but everything should be in moderation (otherwise, it will simply be impossible to transport such speakers).

Place the shelf so that the maximum amount of air gets on the speakers. Next, mark the places for cutting with a marker. Now you can safely cut a chipboard sheet with a jigsaw. Note also that the edges of the trimmed pieces of wood should be carefully leveled. To do this, use a small construction grinder. Please note that it can work with multiple discs - for metal and wood. We need the latter option, since when processing such materials, the cutting element of the first type is simply erased and even smokes. Experts recommend using a petal circle.

Now the matter remains small. On the body, mark the places for screwing in furniture screws and, using a screwdriver, screw them all the way. In the case of screws, pre-mark for them and drill through holes. Everything, the housing for the speaker system has been successfully manufactured.

Wall fasteners

Emphasis should be placed on the strength of the wall fasteners. Do not skimp on screws and self-tapping screws. The structure of the speaker cabinet should be as strong and sturdy as possible. If the number of screws is not enough, under heavy load, the walls of the system will rattle, thereby only degrading the sound quality.

Solid build

How is a three-lane do-it-yourself made next? After you have made the case (the so-called "monoblock"), you can proceed to the fundamental assembly of the structure. Here's the best way to apply cordless screwdriver with 4mm Allen key for tightening screws. Remember that the speaker has its own sound load from minimum to maximum - bottom wall, top, front and side.

How to do it yourself further? In the next step, the joints should be treated with silicone sealant. This is necessary in order to prevent excess from the body from entering out through the slots. Thus, the level of music reproduction will become even better. How to make a do-it-yourself speaker system next? After lubricating all the gaps with sealant, you will need to install the speakers and radio tape recorder. The latter is best purchased assembled. The speakers together with the radio tape recorder are installed through the holes drilled into the bottom wall of the monoblock.

When everything is ready, the final view of the structure should have the following look: the power supply is located on the back of the monoblock, there are two speakers on the sides (each of them is located in a separate column) and a car radio tape recorder in the middle. Making acoustic systems with your own hands takes place in a certain order of actions - first, the power supply is mounted, and then the radio tape recorder. This will make it much more convenient for you to screw the fasteners. But at this stage, the PC has not yet been finally assembled. Next, you will need to reinforce the hardness of the corners. We will tell you about this in the next section.

How is a do-it-yourself speaker system made? Strengthening the rigidity of the corners

The whole essence of the work consists in pasting certain parts of the monoblock with the subsequent installation of square or triangular glazing beads on them. It is not necessary to use "Moment" as an adhesive. The usual "PVA" will quite cope with this matter. Before applying the adhesive to the surface of the material, make sure it is dry and free from cracks or bends.

What needs to be done in order for the power supply to work?

To do this, you will need to put a jumper on the wide, large connector (in other words, short it). It is enough to use an ordinary paper clip here. You connect two wires (green and black) with it and check the operation of the device with a voltmeter.

In order for these elements to have greater conductivity, after installing the contact, carefully solder their junction points. Now push the block body inside the monoblock and attach it with self-tapping screws. Also seal all formed gaps with sealant.

About sound-permeable material

At the next stage, the speaker system, made by hand, is filled with a special sound-permeable material (here you can use a regular synthetic winterizer). They need to fill the entire volume of the columns.

In this case, you can not apply it to the diaphragm. This sound-permeable material significantly reduces the load on the walls of the system and reduces the speed of sound waves. So, when playing a melody, the speaker structure will practically not vibrate. However, you shouldn't follow the "the more the better" principle. If you overfill the speaker with padding polyester, it can lose bass, and, accordingly, the sound quality will deteriorate significantly.

Fan

If your TV or computer speaker system is designed for high playback power, consider additional cooling elements.

Indeed, under high load, the elements of the speakers become very hot, which can cause their premature failure. And you need to install the fan in such a way that it blows from the inside to the outside, that is, the hot air is brought out into the street (or room). If the heat from the radio is removed, overheating of the system parts will be excluded, and your speakers will serve for a very long time. At this stage, the question of how to make a three-way speaker system with your own hands can be considered closed.

1. Column or speaker?
2. Acoustics and electronics
3. What is high-fi
4. Loudspeakers
5. Acoustics

To make speakers with your own hands - this is how many people begin their hobby for a complex, but very interesting business - the technique of sound reproduction. The initial impetus is often economic considerations: the prices for branded electroacoustics are not overstated, not excessively - ugly brazenly. If the sworn audiophiles, who do not skimp on rare radio tubes for amplifiers and flat silver wire for winding sound transformers, complain on the forums that the prices for acoustics and speakers for it are systematically inflated, then the problem is really serious. Do you want speakers for the home for 1 million rubles. pair? Excuse me, there are more expensive ones. That's why the materials of this article are designed primarily for the very, very beginners: they need to quickly, simply and inexpensively make sure that the creation of their own hands, for which everything was spent tens of times less than the “cool” brand, can “sing” as well, or at least be comparable. But probably, some of the above will be a revelation for the masters of amateur electroacoustics- if it is worthy of reading them.

Column or speaker?

Sound column (KZ, sound column) is one of the types of acoustic design of electrodynamic loudspeaker heads (HG, speakers), intended for technical and informational sounding of large public spaces. In general, the acoustic system (AC) consists of a primary sound emitter (IZ) and its acoustic design, which provides the required sound quality. Home speakers for the most part look like speakers, which is why they are called that. Electroacoustic systems (EAS) also include an electrical part: wires, terminals, crossover filters, built-in audio frequency power amplifiers (UMZCH, in active speakers), computing devices (in speakers with digital channel filtering), etc. is usually placed in the body, which is why they look more or less elongated upward columns.

Acoustics and electronics

The acoustics of an ideal speaker system is excited in the entire range of audible frequencies of 20-20,000 Hz by one broadband primary IZ. Electroacoustics is slowly but surely moving towards the ideal, however, the best results are still shown by speakers with frequency separation into channels (bands) LF (20-300 Hz, low frequencies, bass), MF (300-5000 Hz, medium) and HF (5000 -20,000 Hz, high, high) or LF-MF and HF. The first, of course, are called 3-way, and the second - 2-way. It is best to start mastering electroacoustics with 2-way speakers: they allow you to get sound quality up to high Hi-Fi (see below) at home without unnecessary costs and difficulties. Sound signal from UMZCH or, in active speakers, low-power from a primary source (player, sound card computer, tuner, etc.) is distributed among the frequency channels by crossover filters; this is called channel de-filtering, just like the crossover filters themselves.

The rest of the article focuses primarily on how to make speakers that provide good acoustics. The electronic part of electroacoustics is a subject of special serious discussion, and not just one. It should only be noted here that, firstly, at first it is not necessary to tackle a near-ideal, but complicated and expensive digital filtering, but to apply a passive one on inductive-capacitive filters. A 2-way speaker requires only one LPF / HPF crossover plug.

There are special programs for calculating AC ladder separation filters, for example. JBL Speaker Shop. However, at home, the individual adjustment of each plug for a specific specimen of speakers, firstly, does not hit on production costs in mass production. Secondly, the replacement of the GG in the AU is required only in exceptional cases. Means, to de-filtering frequency channels AU can be approached unconventionally:

1. The frequency of the LF-MF and HF section is taken at least 6 kHz, otherwise a sufficiently uniform amplitude-frequency characteristic (AFC) of the entire speaker in the MF region will not turn out, which is very bad, see below. In addition, at a high crossover frequency, the filter is inexpensive and compact;
2. The prototypes for calculating the filter are the links and half-links of the K-type filters, since their phase-frequency characteristics (PFC) are absolutely linear. Without this condition, the frequency response in the section frequency area will turn out to be significantly uneven and overtones will appear in the sound;
3. To obtain the initial data for the calculation, it is necessary to measure the impedance (total electrical resistance) of the LF-MF and HF GG at the crossover frequency. 4 or 8 Ohm indicated in the GG passport - their active resistance on direct current, and the impedance at the crossover frequency will be greater. The impedance is measured quite simply: the GG is connected to an audio frequency generator (GZCH), tuned to the crossover frequency, with an output not weaker than 10 V to a load of 600 ohms through a resistor of obviously high resistance, for example. 1 kΩ. You can use a low-power GZCH and UMZCH of high fidelity. The impedance is determined by the ratio of the audio frequency (AF) voltages across the resistor and GG;
4. The impedance of the LF-MF link (HG, heads) is taken as the characteristic impedance? N of the low-pass filter (LPF), and the impedance of the high-frequency head is taken as? In the high-pass filter (HPF). The fact that they are different - well, a joke with them, the output resistance of the UMZCH, "swinging" the speaker, is negligible in comparison with that and that;
5. From the side of the UMZCH, LPF and HPF of the reflecting type are installed so as not to overload the amplifier and not to take power from the associated AC channel. On the contrary, the absorbing links are drawn to the GG, so that the recoil from the filter did not give overtones. Thus, the low-pass filter and the high-pass filter of the AC will have at least a link with a half-link;

Getting acquainted with electroacoustics, to know how the speakers are arranged and work in acoustic systems, you need the following. The speaker driver is a thin coil of wire that vibrates in the annular gap of the magnetic system under the influence of an audio frequency current. The coil is rigidly connected to the actual sound emitter into space - a diffuser (for LF, MF, sometimes HF) or a thin, very light and rigid dome diaphragm (for HF, rarely - for MF). The efficiency of sound radiation strongly depends on the diameter of the IZ; more precisely - from its relation to the wavelength of the emitted frequency, but at the same time, with an increase in the diameter of the IZ, the likelihood of the occurrence of nonlinear distortions (NI) of sound due to the elasticity of the IZ material also increases; more precisely - not of its infinite rigidity. They fight NI in IZ by performing radiating surfaces made of sound-absorbing (anti-acoustic) materials.

The diameter of the cone is larger than the diameter of the coil, and in diffuser GGs, it and the coil are attached to the speaker case by separate flexible suspensions. The cone configuration is a thin-walled hollow cone with apex facing the coil. The coil suspension also holds the top of the diffuser at the same time, i.e. its suspension is double. The generatrix of a cone can be rectilinear, parabolic, exponential and hyperbolic. The steeper the cone of the diffuser converges to the apex, the higher the recoil and less IR of the speaker, but at the same time its frequency range narrows and the radiation directivity increases (the directional pattern of the antenna pattern narrows). Narrowing the MD also narrows the stereo effect zone and moves it away from the frontal plane of the speaker pair. The diameter of the diaphragm is equal to the diameter of the coil and there is no separate suspension for it. This drastically reduces the THD HG, tk. the cone suspension is a very noticeable source of NO sound, and the material for the diaphragm can be very hard. However, the diaphragm is capable of emitting sound well only at sufficiently high frequencies.

The coil and the diffuser or diaphragm together with the suspensions make up the moving system (PS) of the GG. The PS has a frequency of its own mechanical resonance Fr, at which the mobility of the PS increases sharply, and the Q factor is Q. If Q> 1, then the speaker without a properly selected and performed acoustic design (see below) on Fr will wheeze at a power less than the nominal, not that peak, this is the so-called. locking the GG. Locking does not apply to distortions, since is a design and production defect. If 0.7

Efficiency of energy transfer FROM electrical signal sound waves in the air is determined by the instantaneous acceleration of the diffuser / diaphragm (who is familiar with calculus - the second derivative of its time displacement), since air is easily compressible and very fluid. The instantaneous acceleration of the coil pushing / pulling the diffuser / diaphragm should be slightly higher, otherwise it will not "swing" the IZ. Several, but not much. Otherwise, the coil will bend and vibrate the emitter, which will lead to the appearance of NI. This is the so-called membrane effect, in which longitudinal elastic waves propagate in the material of the diffuser / diaphragm. Simply put, the diffuser / diaphragm should slow down the coil a little. And here again there is a contradiction - the more the emitter "slows down", the more it radiates. In practice, the "braking" of the emitter is done in such a way that its NI in the entire frequency and power range fits within the norm for a given Hi-Fi class.

Note, output: do not try to "squeeze" out of the speakers what they cannot. For example, a speaker on 10GDSH-1 can be built with an uneven frequency response at the midrange of 2 dB, but in terms of THD and dynamics, it still pulls on Hi-Fi no higher than the initial one.

At frequencies up to Fр, the membrane effect is never manifested, this is the so-called. piston mode of operation of the GG - the diffuser / diaphragm simply go back and forth. Higher in frequency, the heavy diffuser no longer keeps up with the coil, membrane radiation begins and everything is amplified. At a certain frequency, the speaker begins to emit only as a flexible membrane: at the junction with the suspension, its diffuser is already stationary. At 0.7

The membrane effect dramatically improves the yield of HG, because the instantaneous accelerations of the vibrating sections of the IZ surface are very large. This circumstance is widely used by HF and partly MF HG designers, whose distortion spectrum immediately goes into ultrasound, as well as when designing HF not for Hi-Fi. SOI HG with a membrane effect and the evenness of the frequency response of the AC with them strongly depend on the mode of the membrane. At the zero mode, when the entire IZ surface trembles as if to itself in time, Hi-Fi up to and including middle can be achieved at low frequencies, see below.

Note: the frequency at which the HH passes from the "piston to the membrane", as well as the change in the membrane mode (not growth, it is always an integer), significantly depend on the diameter of the diffuser. The larger it is, the lower in frequency and the stronger the speaker begins to "membrane".

Woofers

High-quality piston LF GG (simply - "piston"; in English woofers, barking) are made with a relatively small, thick, heavy and hard anti-acoustics diffuser on a very soft latex suspension, see item 1 in Fig. Then Fр turns out to be below 40 Hz or even below 30-20 Hz, and Q

The periods of the LF waves are long, all this time the diffuser in the piston mode must move with acceleration, and therefore the diffuser travel becomes long. Low frequencies are not reproduced without acoustic design, but it is always closed to one degree or another, isolated from free space. Therefore, the diffuser has to work with a large mass of the so-called. connected air, for which "swinging" requires a significant effort (which is why piston GGs are sometimes called compression), as well as for the accelerated movement of a heavy diffuser with a low quality factor. For these reasons, the magnetic system of the piston HG has to be made very powerful.



Despite all the tricks, the recoil of piston GGs is small, because it is impossible for the diffuser to develop high acceleration at long low-frequency waves: the elasticity of the air is not enough to receive the given energy. It will spread to the sides, and the speaker will go into locking. To increase the recoil and smoothness of the moving system (to reduce THD at high power levels), the designers go all out - they use differential magnetic systems, with half-scattering, and other exotic things. SOI is further reduced by filling the magnetic gap with a non-drying rheological fluid. As a result, the best modern "pistons" reach a dynamic range of 92-95 dB, and the THD at rated power does not exceed 0.25%, and at peak power - 1%. All this is very good, but the prices are mom, do not worry! $ 1000 for a pair with diffmagnets and re-filling for home acoustics, selected for recoil, resonance frequency and flexibility of the moving system is not the limit.

Note: LF GG with rheological filling of the magnetic gap are suitable only in the LF links of 3-way speakers, because completely incapable of working in a membrane mode.

Piston gas generators have another serious defect: without strong acoustic damping, they can mechanically collapse. Again, simply: behind the piston speaker there should be a kind of air cushion loosely connected to the free space. Otherwise, the diffuser at its peak will rip from the suspension and it will fly out along with the coil. Therefore, it is not possible to put the "piston" in any acoustic design, see below. In addition, piston GGs do not tolerate forced braking of the PS: the coil burns out immediately. But this is already a rare case, speaker cones are usually not held by hand and matches are not inserted into the magnetic gap.

For craftsmen on a note

There is a known "popular" way to increase the recoil of piston GG: to the standard magnetic system from the rear, without altering anything in the dynamics, an additional ring magnet is firmly attached with the repulsive side. It is repulsive, otherwise, when a signal is applied, the coil will immediately be torn off the diffuser. In principle, rewinding the speaker is possible, but very difficult. And never before has a single rewind speaker improved, or at least remained the same.

But this is not actually about that. Enthusiasts of this refinement argue that the field of the external magnet concentrates the field of the standard one near the coil, which increases the acceleration of the PS and the recoil. That's right, but Hi-Fi GG is a very finely balanced system. The recoil actually increases slightly. But here the SOI at the peak immediately "jumps" so that the distortions of the sound become clearly audible even to inexperienced listeners. At face value, the sound may even become clearer, but without the Hi-Fi speaker, it's already high-quality.

Leading

So in English (managers) are called midrange GG, tk. it is the midrange that accounts for the overwhelming part of the semantic load of a musical opus. The requirements for the midrange GG for Hi-Fi are much softer, so most of them are made with a traditional design with a large diffuser cast from cellulose pulp together with the suspension, pos. 2. Reviews of the MF GG domed and with metal diffusers are contradictory. Mainly the tone prevails, they say, the sound is harsh. Lovers of the classics complain that the bowed ones squeal from the non-paper speakers. The sound of the midrange GG with plastic cones is recognized by almost everyone as dull and at the same time harsh.

The diffuser stroke of the MF GG is made short, because its diameter is comparable to the wavelengths of the midrange, and the transfer of energy into the air is not difficult. To increase the attenuation of elastic waves in the diffuser and, accordingly, to reduce the NI along with the expansion of the dynamic range, finely chopped silk fibers are added to the mass for casting the Hi-Fi midrange diffuser, then the speaker operates in a piston mode in almost the entire midrange range. As a result of the application of these measures, the dynamics of modern midrange GGs of the average price level turns out to be no worse than 70 dB, and the THD at a nominal value is no higher than 1.5%, which is quite enough for high Hi-Fi in a city apartment.

Note: Silk is added to the cone material of almost all good speakers and is a versatile way to reduce THD.

Tweets

In our opinion - tweeters. As you might have guessed, these are tweeters, HF GG. It is written with one t, this is not the name of a social network for gossip. Make a good buzzer out of modern materials it would be generally simple (the NI spectrum immediately goes into ultrasound), if not for one circumstance - the diameter of the emitter in almost the entire HF range turns out to be of the same order of magnitude or less than the wavelength. Because of this, interference is possible on the emitter itself due to the propagation of elastic waves in it. In order not to give them a "clue" for radiation into the air at random, the diffuser / dome of the HF GG should be as smooth as possible; for this purpose, the domes are made of metallized plastic (it absorbs elastic waves better), and the metal domes are polished.

The selection criterion for the HF GG is indicated above: domed ones are universal, and for fans of the classics, who require necessarily "singing" soft tops, diffusers are more suitable. It is better to take these ellipticals and put them in the speaker, orienting their long axis vertically. Then the speaker pattern in the horizontal plane will be wider, and the stereo zone will be larger. There is also an HF GG with a built-in horn on sale. Their power can be taken in 0.15-0.2 of the power of the low-frequency link. As for the technical quality indicators, any HF GG is suitable for Hi-Fi of any level, as long as it is suitable in terms of power.

Shiriki

This is a colloquial nickname for broadband GG (GGS), which does not require filtering of the speaker frequency channels. A simple GGSh emitter with common excitation consists of a LF-MF diffuser and a HF cone rigidly connected to it, pos. 3. This is the so-called. coaxial emitter, which is why the GGS is also called coaxial speakers or simply coaxials.

The idea of ​​the GGSh is to give the HF membrane mode to the cone, where it will not do much harm, and let the diffuser on the bass and at the bottom of the midrange work "on the piston", for which the woofer-midrange diffuser is corrugated across. This is how broadband GGs are made for initial, sometimes intermediate Hi-Fi, for example. the mentioned 10GD-36K (10GDSh-1).

The first GGS with an HF cone went on sale in the early 50s, but did not achieve a dominant position in the market. The reason is a tendency to transient distortions and a delay in the attack of sound because the cone from the jolts of the diffuser dangles and slips. Listening to Miguel Ramos playing the Hammond organ through coaxial with a cone is unbearably painful.

Coaxial GGSH with separate excitation of LF-MF and HF emitters, pos. 4, this drawback is deprived. In them, the HF link is driven by a separate coil from its own magnetic system. The HF coil sleeve goes through the LF-MF coil. SS and magnetic systems are located coaxially, i.e. along one axis.

GGS with separate excitation at low frequencies are not inferior to piston GGs in all technical parameters and subjective assessments of sound. Modern coaxial speakers can be used to build very compact speakers. The disadvantage is the price. Coaxial for high hi-fi costs, as a rule, more expensive than a set of LF-MF + HF, although it is cheaper than LF, MF and HF HG for a 3-way speaker.

Auto

Car speakers formally also belong to coaxial ones, but in reality they are 2-3 separate GGs in one case. HF (sometimes midrange) GG are suspended in front of the diffuser LF GG on the bracket, see on the right in Fig. at the beginning. De-filtering is always built-in, i.e. on the case there are only 2 terminals for connecting wires.

The task of autodynamics is specific: first of all, to “shout out” the noises in the car, so their designers do not particularly struggle with the membrane effect. But for the same reason, the dynamic range of autodynamics needs a wide, not less than 70 dB, and their diffusers are made necessarily with silk or other measures to suppress higher membrane modes are used - the speaker should not wheeze even in the car on the go.

As a result, car speakers are, in principle, suitable for Hi-Fi up to medium inclusive, if you choose a suitable acoustic design for them. In all the speakers described below, you can install autodynamic speakers of a suitable size and power, then you will not need a cutout for HF HG and filtering. One condition: the standard terminals with clamps must be very carefully removed and replaced with lamellas for soldering. Loudspeakers made of modern car loudspeakers allow you to listen to good jazz, rock, even individual works of symphonic music and many chamber ones. Mozart's violin quartets, of course, will not work, but very few listen to such dynamic and meaningful opuses. A pair of car speakers will cost several times, up to 5 times, cheaper than 2 sets of GG with filter components for a 2-way speaker.

Frisky

Friskers, from frisky, is how American radio amateurs called small-sized low-power GGs with a very thin and light diffuser, firstly, for their high output - a pair of "frisky" 2-3 W each sound a room of 20 square meters. m. Secondly - for a hard sound: "high-spirited" work only in the membrane mode.

Producers and sellers do not distinguish "high-spirited" into a special class, because they are, in theory, not hi-fi. A speaker is like a speaker in any Chinese radio or cheap computer speakers. However, on "frisky" you can make good speakers for a computer, providing Hi-Fi up to average inclusive in the vicinity of the desktop.

The fact is that "high-spirited" ones are capable of reproducing the entire sound range, you just need to reduce their THD and smooth the frequency response. The first is achieved by adding silk to the diffuser; here you need to be guided by the manufacturer and its (not trade!) Specifications. For example, all GGs from the Canadian company Edifier with silk. By the way, Edifier is a French word and reads "edifier", not "edifier" in the English manner.

The frequency response of the "frisky" ones is equalized in two ways. Silk removes small bursts / dips, and more bumps and depressions are eliminated by acoustic design with a free outlet to the atmosphere and a damping antechamber, see fig. See below for an example of such a speaker.



Acoustics

Why do you need acoustic design at all? At low frequencies, the dimensions of the sound emitter are very small compared to the length of the sound wave. If you just put the speaker on the table, the waves from the front and rear surfaces of the diffuser will immediately converge in antiphase, extinguish each other, and you won't hear bass at all. This is called an acoustic short circuit. It is impossible to simply drown out the speaker from the rear to the woofer: the diffuser will have to strongly compress a small volume of air, which makes the resonance frequency of the PS “jump” so high that the speaker simply cannot reproduce the bass. Hence follows the main task of any acoustic design: either to extinguish the radiation from the back side of the HH, or to turn it over 180 degrees and in phase to re-emit from the front of the speaker system, at the same time preventing the energy of the diffuser movement from being expended on thermodynamics, i.e. for compression-expansion of air in the speaker cabinet. An additional task is, if possible, to form a spherical sound wave at the output of the speaker, since in this case, the area of ​​the stereo effect is the widest and deepest, and the influence of the room acoustics on the sound of the speakers is the least.

Note, important corollary: for each speaker cabinet of a specific volume with a specific acoustic design, there is an optimal range of excitation powers. If the IZ power is low, it will not shake the acoustics, the sound will be dull, distorted, especially at low frequencies. An excessively powerful GG will go into thermodynamics, which will cause blockages.

The purpose of the speaker cabinet with acoustic design is to provide the best bass reproduction. Strength, stability, appearance - of course. Acoustically, home speakers are designed in the form of a shield (speakers built into furniture and building structures), an open box, an open box with an acoustic impedance panel (PAS), a closed box of normal or reduced volume (small-sized speaker systems, MAS), a phase inverter (FI), passive emitter (PI), direct and reverse horns, quarter-wave (FW) and half-wave (PW) labyrinths.

Built-in acoustics are a subject of special discussion. Open boxes from the era of tube radios, it is unrealistic to get an acceptable stereo from them in an apartment. Of the others, for a beginner for his first speaker, it is best to opt for the PV maze:

• Unlike others, except for PI and PI, the MOV labyrinth allows you to improve bass at frequencies below the natural resonance frequency of the woofer.
• Compared to the PI PV, the labyrinth is constructive and easy to set up.
• Compared to PI PV, the labyrinth does not require expensive commercially available additional components.
• An articulated MW labyrinth (see below) creates a HG sufficient acoustic load, while having a free connection with the atmosphere, which makes it possible to use LF HG with both a long and short diffuser travel. Up to replacement in already built speakers. Of course, only a couple. In this case, the emitted wave will be practically spherical.
• Unlike all, except for the closed box and the MF labyrinth, the loudspeaker with MF labyrinth is able to smooth the frequency response of the LF GG.
• Speakers with a PV labyrinth are structurally easy to stretch into a tall thin column, which makes it easier to place them in small rooms.

About the penultimate point - are you surprised if experienced? Consider this one of the promised revelations. And see below.

PV maze

Labyrinth is often considered an acoustic design such as a deep slot (Deep Slot, a type of CV labyrinth), pos. 1 in the figure, and a convolutional return horn (item 2). We will touch on the horns, and as for the deep slit, it is actually a PAS, an acoustic shutter that provides free communication with the atmosphere, but does not let out sound: the depth of the slit is a quarter of the wavelength of the frequency of its tuning. This can be easily verified by measuring the sound levels ahead of the front of the speaker and in the opening of the slit with a highly directional microphone. Resonance at multiple frequencies is suppressed by a sound absorber lining the slot. A speaker with a deep slot also dampens any speakers, but increases their resonant frequency, although less than a closed box.



The initial element of the PT of the labyrinth is an open half-wave tube, pos. 3. As an acoustic design, it is unsuitable: while the wave from the rear reaches the front, its phase will be reversed by another 180 degrees, and the same acoustic short circuit will result. At the frequency response of the PV, the pipe gives a high sharp peak, causing the HG to be locked at the frequency of the Fn tuning. But what is already important - Fn and the frequency of the natural resonance of the ГГ f (which is higher - Fр) are theoretically in no way related to each other, i.e. you can expect an improvement in bass below f (Fp).

The easiest way to turn a pipe into a labyrinth is to bend it in half, pos. 4. This will not only phase the front with the rear, but also smooth out the resonance peak, since the paths of the waves in the pipe will now be different in length. In this way, in principle, it is possible to smooth the frequency response to any predetermined degree of evenness, increasing the number of knees (it should be odd), but in fact, it is very rare to use more than 3 knees - the wave attenuation in the pipe interferes.

In the chamber PV labyrinth (pos. 5), the knees are divided into the so-called. Helmholtz resonators - tapering towards the posterior end of the cavity. This further improves the damping of the HG, smoothes the frequency response, reduces the loss in the labyrinth and increases the radiation efficiency, since the rear exit window (port) of the labyrinth always works with a "back up" from the side of the last chamber. Having partitioned the chambers into intermediate resonators, pos. 6, it is possible to achieve an AFC with a diffuser GG that almost satisfies the requirements of absolute Hi-Fi, but setting up each of a pair of such speakers requires somewhere from six months (!) Of work of an experienced specialist. Once, in a certain narrow circle, a labyrinth-chamber speaker with a separation of chambers was nicknamed Cremona, with an allusion to the unique violins of Italian masters.

In fact, to get the frequency response under high Hi-Fi, just a couple of cameras on your knee are enough. Drawings of the AU of such a design are given in Fig; on the left - Russian design, on the right - Spanish. Both are very good floor acoustics... “For complete happiness,” the Russian woman would not hurt to borrow the Spanish stiffness ties supporting the partition (beech sticks with a diameter of 10 mm), and instead give smoothing of the pipe bend.



In both of these speakers, one more useful property of the chamber labyrinth manifests itself: its acoustic length is greater than the geometric one, since the sound lingers a little in each chamber before passing on. Geometrically, these labyrinths are tuned to somewhere around 85 Hz, but measurements show 63 Hz. In reality, the lower limit of the frequency range turns out to be 37-45 Hz, depending on the type of LF GG. If the speakers with the S-30B filtering are rearranged into such enclosures, the sound changes dramatically. For the better.



The range of excitation power for these speakers is 20-80 W peak. Sound-absorbing lining here and there - sintepon 5-10 mm. Tuning is not always necessary and not difficult: if the bass is muffled, the port is symmetrically covered on both sides with pieces of foam until optimal sound is obtained. This should be done slowly, each time listening to the same segment of the phonogram for 10-15 minutes. It must have strong midrange with a steep attack (midrange control!), For example, a violin.

Jet flow

The chamber labyrinth is successfully combined with the usual convoluted one. An example is the Jet Flow desktop speaker system developed by American radio amateurs, which made a splash in the 70s, see Fig. on right. Cabinet width inside - 150-250 mm for speakers 120-220 mm, incl. "Frisky" and autodynamics. Body material - pine, spruce, MDF. No sound absorbing lining or adjustment required. The excitation power range is 5-30 W peak.

Note: there is now confusion with Jet Flow - jet sound transducers are on sale under the same brand.

For high-spirited and computer

It is also possible to smooth out the frequency response of autodynamics and "frisky" ones in an ordinary twisted labyrinth, by arranging a compression damping (not resonating!) Pre-chamber in front of the entrance to it, indicated by K in Fig. below.



This mini-speaker is intended for the PC to replace the old cheap one. The speakers are the same, but the way they start to sound is amazing. If the diffuser is with silk, otherwise it makes no sense to fence the garden. An additional advantage is the cylindrical body, on which the midrange interference is close to minimal, it is less only on the spherical body. Working position - with a forward-upward tilt (АС - sound projector). Excitation power - 0.6-3 W nominal. The assembly is carried out in the next. order (glue - PVA):

• For children. 9 glue the dust filter (you can use scraps of nylon tights);
• Children. 8 and 9 are pasted over with padding polyester (marked in yellow in the figure);
• Collect a package of partitions on a screed and spacers;
• Glue padding polyester rings marked in green;
• The package is wrapped, gluing, with Whatman paper to a wall thickness of 8 mm;
• Cut the body to size and paste over the antechamber (highlighted in red);
• Paste children. 3;
• After complete drying, they skin, paint, attach a stand, mount the speaker. The wires to it run along the bends of the labyrinth.

About horns

Horn loudspeakers have a high response (remember why it is just a horn). The old 10GDSH-1 yells through the horn so that the ears wither, and the neighbors “are happy at the most I can’t,” which is why many people are carried away with horns. Home speakers use convoluted horns as they are less bulky. The return horn is excited by the back radiation of the GG and is similar to the MW labyrinth in that it rotates the phase of the wave by 180 degrees. But otherwise:

1. Structurally and technologically it is much more complicated, see fig. below.
2. It does not improve, but on the contrary, spoils the frequency response of the speaker, because The frequency response of any horn is uneven and the horn is not a resonating system, i.e. it is impossible to correct its frequency response in principle.
3. Radiation from the horn port is essentially directional, and its wave is rather flat than spherical, so one should not expect a good stereo effect.
4. It does not create a significant acoustic load of the HH and at the same time requires significant power for excitation (let us also remember - are they whispering into the negotiating horn). The dynamic range of horn speakers can be extended, at best, to basic Hi-Fi, and piston speakers with a very soft suspension (therefore, good and expensive) have a diffuser that breaks out very often when the HG is installed in the horn.
5. It gives more overtones than any other type of acoustic design.



Frame

The speaker case is best assembled on beech dowels and PVA glue, its film retains its damping properties for many years. For assembly, one of the sidewalls is placed on the floor, the bottom, cover, front and rear walls, partitions are placed, see fig. on the right, and cover with another sidewall. If the outer surfaces are for final finishing, you can use steel fasteners, but always with gluing and sealing (plasticine, silicone) not adhesive seams.



Much more important to sound quality is the choice of cabinet material. The ideal option is a musical spruce without knots (they are a source of overtones), but finding its large boards for speakers is unrealistic, because Christmas trees are very knotty trees. As for the plastic speaker enclosures, they sound good only industrial-made solid-cast ones, and amateur homemade products made of transparent polycarbonate, etc., are means of self-expression, not acoustics. They will tell you that this sounds good - ask to turn it on, listen and believe your ears.

In general, it is tight for speakers with natural wood materials: perfectly straight-grained pine without defects is expensive, and other available building and furniture species give overtones. It is best to use MDF. The aforementioned Edifier has long since completely switched to it. The suitability of any other tree for the AU can be determined by the trace. way:

1. The test is performed in a quiet room, in which you yourself must first stay in silence for at least half an hour;
2. A piece of board approx. 0.5 m is placed on prisms made of steel angle pieces, laid at a distance of 40-45 cm from each other;
3. The bent knuckle knocks for approx. 10 cm from any of the prisms;
4. Repeat tapping exactly in the center of the board.

If in both cases the slightest subtle ringing is not heard, the material is suitable. The softer, softer and shorter the sound is, the better. Based on the results of such a test, you can make good speakers even from chipboard or laminate, see the video below:

Video: a simple do-it-yourself laminate speaker for your phone

Thorns

Floor and table speakers are installed on special legs - acoustic spikes - excluding the exchange of vibrations of the speaker with the floor or table top. Acoustic spikes are on sale, but the prices are, you know, a special product. So, weights for construction and carpentry plumb lines have exactly the same configuration (a cylinder turning into a cone with a rounded nose) and material properties. You understand the price. Feel free to put any speakers on the spikes made of plumb weights, they will cope with an unusual task for them perfectly.

At first glance, making your own speakers is quite simple. However, this is a delusion. First of all, it should be noted that the models are manufactured with different elements. Depending on them, the parameters of the device and the sound quality will be different.

There are special requirements for computer speakers. You can also make a model for a car or studio yourself. In this case, it is very important to adhere to the instructions. First of all, for assembling the speakers, you should consider the standard model scheme.

Column layout

The speaker layout includes speakers, trims, diffuser and crossover. Powerful models use a special bass reflex. Amplifiers can be installed with field-effect or switching transistors. In order to improve the sound quality, capacitors are used. The woofer is matched with an amplifier. The dynamic head must be attached to the seal.

Single speaker models

Single speaker speakers are very common. To assemble a model, you will first have to deal with the case. Plywood is often used for this purpose. At the end of the work, it will have to be sheathed. However, the first step is to make the side struts. For this purpose, you will have to use a jigsaw. you can pick up not high power.

The inner side of the plywood must be stitched with vibration-proof tape. After fixing the speaker, the seal is fixed. For this purpose, glue is used. All that remains is to attach the diffuser. Some people make a separate shelf for it and fix it with stacking screws. To connect the speaker to the plug, a terminal block is installed. How do I turn on the speakers? For this purpose, a cable from the terminal block is used, which must lead to the power source.

Drawing of the model for two speakers

Speakers for two speakers can be made for home or car. If we consider the first option, then a diffuser will be required pulse type... First of all, strong plywood is selected for assembly. Next step the lower rack is cut out. Models with legs are very rare. You can use regular varnish to cover the veneer. There is no need to glue the vibration damping tape to the A-pillar. The diffuser is mounted under the speaker. To make a hole in the panel, you need to use a jigsaw. The phase inverter is fixed at the rear wall. Some people make devices with horizontal speakers. In this case, the diffuser will be at the top of the structure. The speaker wires are of a two-wire type.

Devices with three speakers

Speakers (homemade) with three speakers are very rare. These devices are most suitable for the multi-channel type. For the assembly of the model, first of all, sheets of plywood are selected. Some also advise using veneers. However, models made of natural wood are quite expensive on the market. The speakers should be installed in horizontal position... An amplifier is also required for the device.

Metal corners are used to fix it. Lag screws will be needed to connect the plates. In some cases, the plates are attached with glue. Further, the model will have to be partially covered with leatherette. The next step is to install the terminal block. In order to fix it on the body, you will need to make a separate hole. It is also important to note with regulators. Microcircuits for them are used capacitor type. When the speakers fade, you need to change the diffuser.

Studio devices

Studio speaker drawings assume use powerful speakers... The diffuser is most often used of the impulse type. Many experts recommend installing two amplifiers. A Zener diode is required for normal operation.

With the aim of self assembly loudspeakers are primarily manufactured in the case. Round holes are made for the speakers on the front panel. You will also need a separate output for the bass reflex. The design of the columns is quite different. Some people prefer to paint the surface of the case. However, there are models covered in leather.

Models for computers

Speakers for computers are often made for one speaker. To assemble the model, thin veneer sheets are selected. A hole for the speaker is cut out on the front panel. The phase inverter should be located at the rear of the cabinet. If we consider models of low power, then the amplifier can be used without a resistor.

In order to adjust the volume of the speakers, special crossovers are used. These elements are allowed to be installed on the phase inverter. If we consider devices with a power of more than 100 W, then amplifiers can only be taken with resistors. Some select impulse diffusers for the model. At the end of the work, a terminal strip is always installed.

Car modifications

Available for two or three speakers. For self-assembly of the model, you will need plywood sheets. In some cases, varnished veneer is used. To fix the speaker, you need to make a hole in the panel. The next step is to install the phase inverter. Some modifications are made with low frequency cores. If we consider low-power (home-made) speakers, then the phase inverter can be installed without an amplifier.

In this case, a multi-channel crossover is used to adjust the sound. Some specialists install terminal blocks behind the bass reflex. If we consider speakers with a power of more than 50 W, then the microcircuits are used for two amplifiers. The diffuser is fitted as standard with an impulse type. It is important to take care of the vibration isolation layer before attaching the housing. For the terminal block, a separate hole must be made on the plate. Some people think that the body should be cleaned without fail. The speaker wires will work with a two-wire type.

Open-body speakers

Open-case portable speakers are fairly easy to make. Most often they are made with one speaker. Holes are drilled on the back of the device with a drill. The plates are directly connected with lag screws. The diffuser for such devices is of the impulse type. Bass reflexes are often installed with a single amplifier. If we consider powerful portable speakers, then they use a resistor crossover. It is attached to the bass reflex. Many experts recommend installing the speakers on the seal.

Devices with a closed case

Loudspeakers (homemade) with a closed case are considered the most common. Many experts believe that they are the best in terms of sound quality. Phase inverters for devices are suitable operational type... Woofers are installed in holes. For the purpose of assembling the body, ordinary plywood sheets are suitable. It is also important to note that there are modifications with cores. If we consider high-power speakers, then the terminal blocks are installed in the lower part of the case. The design of the models is quite different.

20W models

Assembling 20 V speakers is fairly straightforward. First of all, experts recommend preparing six veneer sheets. They should be varnished at the end of the work. It is more expedient to start the assembly with the installation of the speakers. The phase inverter is used of a pulse type. In some cases, it is installed on pads. Also, experts recommend using rubber seals.

The speakers are powered via the terminal block. It is attached to the rear panel. The phase inverter can be installed with or without an amplifier. If we consider the first option, then the cores are selected of the phase type. In this case, the woofer can be omitted. If we consider speakers without an amplifier, then they use a crossover. At the end of the work, it is important to clean the body and varnish it.

50 W Devices

Speakers (homemade) 50 W are suitable for conventional acoustic turntables. In this case, the body can be made from ordinary plywood. Many experts also recommend using natural wood veneer. However, it is important to note that he is afraid of high humidity.

After choosing the material, you should tackle the speakers. They must be installed next to the bass reflex. In this case, you cannot do without an amplifier. Many experts recommend choosing only low-frequency crossovers. If we consider modifications with a regulator, then they use a pulse diffuser. In this case, the terminal block is installed last. You can always use leatherette to decorate the speakers. A simpler option is to cover the surface with varnish.

Speakers with a power of 100 W

Speakers for 100 W are suitable for powerful ones. In this case, the bass reflex is taken only of the impulse type. It is also important to note that the amplifier is installed with a crossover. Many experts recommend using veneer for assembling the cabinet. It is more advisable to install the woofer on a lining.

Acoustic speakers

The sound quality in the car depends on the location of the speakers. In addition, the resonance of the enclosures is also important in this matter.
Therefore, the case of the speaker used in this case must be made of a material that has sufficient resonance. As a result of this, the most suitable option would be to create columns with your own hands.
You can learn how to make speakers yourself from our article. The information will help you learn not only how to make speakers yourself, but also how to assemble a real speaker system.

Creating conditions for a column

First of all, you need to find out what size the column will be. To do this, you should decide on its location.
Most often, the speaker is installed in the trunk, since there is enough space for it to have enough space. In addition, a kind of resonance is also created in the luggage compartment, so the music sounds a little different here.
You can install speakers near rear window, however, here they will have to have a more compact size, since massive columns may not fit here.

Note. However, this again depends on the position of the column: standing or lying.

Measuring dimensions

To find out the size of the box for the column, you should:

• Decide on its location.
• Determine how much space you can set aside.
• Measure the size of the allotted area.

Note: For a speaker in the luggage compartment, a 30 cm length is enough. But the speakers installed behind the rear seat should not have more than 15 cm.

Material selection

• Chipboard. By the way, finding this material can be much easier than the others, since it is often found on sale. Moreover, its price is quite affordable.
  The advantage of this material is that it has a fairly high impact, so the sound of the speakers will not be distorted. Also, this material is the lightest, so the structure will not be too heavy.
• Hard rubber (ebonite). The products are pretty good, but the sound will be a little muffled. And it is not so easy to find rectangular pieces of ebonite on sale.
  In addition, the product may have an unpleasant odor. The most important advantage: ebonite is difficult to ignite, therefore, when short circuit the column case will not burn.

• Wood. Any wood will do.
  In this case, it is better to give preference to oak or pine, since with their help you can create a good resonance. Also, the advantage of the material is its attractive appearance.

Note: such a product can even be dyed, so it will turn out to be very beautiful.

Corpus creation

You can make the body in any convenient way.
The most suitable option is the following:

• Use a hacksaw to cut parts out of the material.
• Select the parts to which the speakers will be attached. Round holes should be made in their central part.

Note: The hole diameter must match the diameter of the bottom of the speaker.

• It is also necessary to cut out small rings that will be attached to the bottom of the holes made (so that the speaker is securely fixed). The shape of these rings should resemble a plate without a bottom.
• Glue rings to parts.
• Around the rings in the details, make more holes in the shape of a triangle with rounded corners.

Note: this is necessary in order for the sound to penetrate into the case, and not only come out.

• Small partitions should also be made for the inner part of the case (their length should correspond to the length of the case itself). With their help, the bass reflex will be held.
• Make small ports through which the terminals will be fixed.

Column assembly

To collect all the parts into one whole, you should:

• Connect the body parts using glue or self-tapping screws: rectangular parts on the sides, the bottom part, and also the part with a hole on the top.
• Fill the inside of the column with synthetic down.
• Place the speaker in the intended place.

Note: The speaker wiring can be pulled out through any hole you can conveniently create.

• Paint the frame with varnish. Thus, he will have a finished appearance.

Note: It is not necessary to use varnish for painting. Black paint may come in handy for this. And some details can be done in a different color altogether.

Building a speaker system

The speaker system does not always indicate the presence of speakers.
You can work on creating a speaker system in a car like this:

• Make foam podiums. For this:
• Make a template out of cardboard. Attach it to the place where the podium should be.
• Using the template, cut out the base for the podium. For this purpose, ordinary plywood and fittings can be useful.
• The base consists of two rings. In this case, the diameter of the first ring must correspond to the diameter of the protective mesh. But the diameter of the second is the diameter of the column.
• The rings must be connected to each other using self-tapping screws.
• Cut six sticks to create the slope. Glue all the details together.
• Pour polyurethane foam into the frame and leave it there until it dries.
• You get a more interesting option if you use small pieces of different types of trees instead of plywood. In this case, you should pick up dry pieces of wood that do not have cracks. From above, everything should be carefully varnished to make the design more reliable. For greater efficiency, everything can be secured with two rails.
• Mount speakers in jacks and install podiums.

Thus, you can create acoustic speakers (see) right at home and with your own hands. The price of such a pleasure will not be high, since it will only be necessary to spend money on the purchase of material.
Anyway, you can use any old speakers. The main thing is that they work and be in good condition.
Of course, before starting this process, it is worth reviewing various photos and videos with this topic. The instruction will also come in handy.