Which DVD player choose to watch movies. Portable dvd-players: Do you need models with a TV tuner and what to pay attention to when choosing. Frequently asked questions before buying

In the modern world there are many DVD players with the most diverse characteristics for every taste. Not surprising, because thanks to such devices, it became possible to enjoy high resolution films, without sacrificing, except for buying a player. But how to make the right choice when purchasing a player?

Types of DVD Players

Before you go to the store behind the player, it is worth considering the existing varieties of devices and accurately decide what is needed. It will keep away from the wrath of cash on unnecessary additional functions. Types of devices directly depend on the user's needs:

To view movies and listening to music.

Ideal a multifunctional DVD changer (eng. Changer - switch). Changer is a device that allows you to play not only information from a single disk, but two and even more. Thus, if the film is boring or just wanted to listen to music, and next to only CD discs, then Changer will fully satisfy the needs of its owner.

T. K. DVD changer can play not only DVD, but also CD, then in a separate device for listening to music there is no point.

A similar player can switch in seconds between DVD and CDs, and on the quality of playback (music and video equally) is not inferior to the analogues.

DVD / VCR.

A huge collection of standard cassettes for the video player was each of us. If you do not want to go on a DVD or a pity to say goodbye to your collection, then the DVD / VCR player will fully satisfy even such desires.

Such players of the format "two-in-one" allow you to enjoy both movies on DVDs, and to pose, revising old good movies on cassettes. This is done through two connectors: for disks and standard cassettes.

And what if you want to keep up with technical progress, but old movies are our everything? No difficulties will arise, because there is a writing DVD player, identical to the described above, but with the recording function on the disk. That is, during the playback of the film from the cassette with one click of the button, the image is started on the disk (it is desirable to pull out the purchase of Blue-Ray and use an empty disk to not overwrite ready-to-return).

Thus, you can fully save your favorite movies, simply changing the media carrier from the cassette to reliable DVDs with excellent playback quality. It may seem that this is not so much sense, because all old movies and so exist on DVD. And this is true, but if the cassettes numbered over hundreds, it is much easier to overwrite them personally, than to buy from scratch. Or in the case when there are some personal video on the cassettes.

Moreover, the cost of 100 DVDs with films will be significantly higher than buying one typewriter DVD player. Even taking into account the need to buy a hundred empty disks.

For high resolution TV (HDTV.).

It happens that the resolution of the film on a DVD 720 P (1 280 x 720 pixels), and the TV supports 1 080 p (1 920 x 1,080 pixels) and above. For such situations, special DVD players have been created with the possibility of converting the video signal frequency. This means that the picture is artificially stretched to the highest possible dimensions, despite the smaller resolution of the film itself.

There is only one minus in this type of player: the image size will increase, but the quality is not. However, when you need to show video to a large number of people, and the quality will stand in second place in the list of priorities - this is a good idea.

However, it is much more profitable to buy a Blue-ray DVD player. This player can, without delay and other difficulties, play high-resolution films that will be ideally broadcast on HDTV.

For traveling.

The solution is a portable DVD player. They are compact, weigh a little and wonderfully cope with their tasks. Yes, the quality of the image and its permission will be at the level of the standard TV last decade, but on long trips, upon vacation and simply to brighten boredom in transport it is important to be important.

Specifications

Now that we have determined with the necessary type of equipment, you should carefully understand the details of each specific model. From the indicators of different characteristics will be directly dependent on what can be expected from the DVD player:

Audio / video formats.

The overwhelming majority of modern players perfectly "understand" the main formats of files:

fLAC;
mPEG;
wMA, etc.

However, it is still worth paying attention to the list of supported formats. If only 4-5 items listed, it may be more correct to circumvent such a device model.

Connection type.

Knowing users have long known: the best image quality is achieved with a digital connection. Therefore, it is important not to use adapters and prevent signal conversion, for example, from analog in digital (and vice versa).

If the TV does not support the connector for connecting a DVD player, you can buy a more suitable model or purchase adapters, in abundance sold at each step. However, it must be remembered that the quality of the signal will fall significantly. You may not notice this, but it really happens. Moreover, the larger the TV screen, the greater the "crowns", blur, artifacts and interference will be present.

Scaling.

Useful feature when watching movies on a DVD player. It allows you to bring the image to either a certain part of it to consider it more detail some features of the scene. Also, this function is used to remove annoying black stripes from above and at the bottom of the screen, sacrificing a small loss of the image on the right and left.

Remember that scaling increases the video resolution, therefore, the quality will be worse (more blurred). However, if the player supports the resolution of 1,080 p, and the view is carried out in 480 p, then such a film can be closer for already twice - the loss of quality will not be any (due to scaling the picture is cut off, but the increased part is compared with supported quality).

This is just one additional feature in the player. In most modern models, they are much larger and most diverse directions. From reading memory cards to Wi-Fi and even the presence of karaoke. Yes, you can now sing directly into the DVD player, and it also will also value the level of singing.

Scan.

There are two types of expandment:

interlaced;
progressive.

In the first case, the image is formed in two approaches: each vest line, and then - each odd. Another thing, the current option is a progressive explosion that performs the same image of the picture formation, but only in one pass. Due to this, the player's reaction to the team (pause, stop, etc.) is increasing, the launch of the video is accelerated, and in general the image looks better.

Progressive expandment is better than interlaced, but requires two times more from the existing equipment. Therefore, if your TV does not support the conditions for progressive expandment (480 p and connecting via a component cable), it is better to use a player with a interlaced lattice.

Remote control (remote control).

Comfort When interacting with the DVD player is a key selection criterion. Therefore, much attention should be paid to the remote control:

bright buttons (help to find a randomly lost remote and just look beautiful, glad of the eye of the owner);
clear marks over the buttons;
small console size;
combining the functions of different buttons in one, etc.

All this is important to get the maximum pleasure from watching movies and enjoy the convenience of use.

And a few more useful tips on criteria for which the choice of the DVD player should be selected in this video.

Popular models

How are users exchange views on the work of a DVD player? Of course, with the help of the reviews of the player model, which possess the greatest rating at the time of 2018, according to positive reviews:

DVP-SR760H from Sony (4 000 rub.);
MDV-842UOT MYSTERY (2,200 rubles);
DVP457SI from BBK (1 100 rub.).

And their characteristics can be designated as follows:

blue-ray support for quality, CD, DVD discs;
cartrider;
ability to use USB drives;
the most common video formats, including H.264, AVCHD, MKV;
karaoke;
support for resolution 4K (3 840 x 2 160);
Wi-Fi and the Internet.

It may seem strange that each of the presented models has an identical set of characteristics, but the in-depth study of the instruction manual will show that minor differences are still available.

Yes, for a simple user they will be "minor", therefore, first of all, it is necessary to look at the main indicators of the device. And the models mentioned provide an impressive feature set, which will fully satisfy even the highest DVD player requirements.

If the buyer is desired, to ask each of the characteristics of the player before purchasing the seller will provide detailed instructions for each model. The number of pages that sometimes exceed a hundred.

Deciding with a set of functions, having studied the characteristics and types of the device, it is important not to forget to combine the possibilities of your TV with the requirements for the DVD player. After that, you can safely go, choose a lovely model and enjoy buying for watching your favorite movie.

In contact with

The times of cassette video recorders have long passed, and video tapes remained only in the expensive heart of the family chronicle archives, giving way to DVDs. If you have long decided to buy a DVD player, this article will help you understand the Ocean of the opportunities provided by the DVD players, and acquire a really high-quality device.

What is your TV?

There are many moments that could be a kind of starting point in response to the question of which DVD player to choose. So, it is possible to repel from the fame and reliability of the manufacturer, the design of the device, its configuration, and even subjective associations, which causes you for any brand. Why is it recommended to start with the study of your own TV? The fact is that if the screen is small (up to 25 inches), the high-quality image on it will provide even the easiest and most affordable DVD player. So why overpay?

The range of inexpensive models of DVD players presented on the Russian market is quite wide. Less than $ 50 can be purchased a simple but functional device. For $ 100, you can find the initial model of Samsung DVD player or Panasonic.
If your home has an expensive plasma panel or a TV with a diagonal of 29 inches, to choose a player will have to be considered with all the responsibility. On the big screen, the "self-written" disk no longer look: the poor-quality picture will simply spoil all the pleasure of viewing. In this case, you will have to spend money on a more expensive player. Thus, the buyers, BBK, Toshiba, Pioneer, LG, Sony, use in constant popularity of buyers.

Pay attention to the connectors

Despite the fact that the DVD-players store showcases are set to potential buyers, pay attention to the back side of the devices, which often turns out to be much more visually the most detailed manual for use, because it is there that video and audio signals are located.
Almost all DVD players have all the necessary connectors or most of them. Even budget devices boasting VGA, RCA ports, RCA (Tulip), S-Video and Scart. But, as practice shows, you will need only one of them - the one that will be used to connect the player to a computer or TV. First of all, make sure that this connector is available, the remaining outputs can be perceived as a free supplement to it.

Reproducible formats

Almost everyone, without exception, the model of modern players support the main formats of audio and video. First of all, it is MP3, CD, WMA, MPEG4, AVI, MOV, MP4, JPEG and others. If you want the player to read video from flash memory external devices, there must be a USB connector in the player, as well as an SD, MS, SDHC and MMC memory card slot.

Sound quality

Special attention when choosing a DVD player, you must pay the quality of sound transmission through the columns. The most qualitative sound is capable of providing the Dolby Digital 5.1 speaker system, to connect which you will need an AV amplifier or AV receiver. In addition, the DVD player can be connected to the music center or TV. In this case, the sound quality will depend on the power of the television columns.
How about home karaoke?
Another useful and pleasant feature is the built-in Karaoke system, with which you can not only improve your own vocal data, but also have fun to spend your free time in the company of friends and loved ones. Buying a player with two microphone inputs will enjoy singing a duet.

Remote control

The main requirement for the remote control is the convenience of using it. It should have well-speaking buttons, small overall dimensions and well lying in hand. In a word, the remote control should be such that the dvd-disc player could even be with their eyes closed. In the case of loss of the remote control, the bright colors will allow you to find it even in a dark room.

Choosing a DVD player, first of all it is necessary to determine the question that you are looking for - what is cheaper, or what you dream about? By the way, to put the points over it, we define in advance - "what is cheaper" in this case is not the worst option. The fact is that many "beams" inherent in expensive models may be completely nothing to do. Why overpay for what you should never need?

The main thing is to navigate when choosing, try to acquire models of famous brands - JVC, LG, Panasonic, Philips, Sharp, Sony, Toshiba. All of them will value with their reputation, and even cheap models manufactured by firms that have proven themselves in the market have sufficiently high quality. And the second: to make a purchase better in a large store, where you will be checked the goods will give warranty coupons, they will have stamps in them, and within two weeks after the purchase can exchange a defective device.
But before you go to the store, decide for what player you go there. If you have come without having prepared, having to get all the information from the seller, prepare for the fact that the flow of incomprehensible technical terms will be enjoyed, and as a result, the most expensive model is proposed. Or you will advise you to read the instructions written in English, Japanese, German, French or even Polish (if you are lucky - both in Russian), in which there are also sufficient technical phrases. Therefore, let's spend small technical libraries.

What is a DVD?

The DVD abbreviation is decrypted as Digital Versatile Disc, which means a digital multi-purpose disk. This is the younger brother of the CD (CD), it appeared in the 90s of the last century. Due to the use of a laser with a smaller wavelength, DVD accommodates as 7 times more information than CD, which made it possible to place several full-length movies recorded in a special compressed DVD-Video format with high-quality sound on such a disk.

And CD, and DVDs are just media information on which both music and images can be recorded, and just any data. To read and play recorded information, you need to have a device capable of supporting the recording format. There are several such formats.

AudioCD is the very first musical format under which CDs were created.
MP3 - musical format, it allows you to hold up to 12 hours of music on one CD.
WMA is practically the same as MP3.
DivX is a format that allows you to record video on the CD. On one disk is a two-hour film. This format came from the world of computers. If your player supports this format, you can "twist" on it computer discs with films that are cheaper than DVD, however, and the quality is worse.
VideoCD is an old video format. One full-length film is placed on two disks, although the quality is comparable to the analog video cassette (VHS).
JPEG - format for static images - photos. Pictures that can be written on CD or DVD. If the DVD player this format supports, you can view photos recorded on the disk from the computer on it.
Support for all these formats does not greatly increase the cost of the DVD player, but makes it more versatile in operation. And then there are already "bells," on the need for the presence of which you can and will think.
Karaoke - comment is not necessary. If guests often come to you and there is a desire to hold home contests like "Step Star", the flag, as they say, in your hands.
DD 5.1 - Dolbydigital technology is so abbreviated. This is a spatial sound format that allows you to feel yourself sitting in the cinema. Supplement 5.1 means that five loose speakers are connected to the system and one large to achieve this effect.
DVD changer - the principle is the same as the usual CD changer. You can make a selection of disks, and the player will change them yourself. If, say, "seventeen moments of spring" are recorded by a moment on one disk, you can view the whole series, without climbing the sofa.
DVD + VHS VCR - DVD player and Vidk in one bottle. Allows you to rewrite the DVD on the video tape, has all the functions of a video recorder, both devices are controlled by one remote control. Useful thing if you have a lot of stock footage on different media.
DVD receiver - in one DVD player case, AV decoder, radio and multi-channel power amplifier. If you decide to connect to satellite television, and at the same time to arrange a home theater, it will be a good solution.
DVD recorder - DVD player with the ability to write to the disk. Like a VCR, it can be programmed to write a movie or transmission. With it, you can rewrite the home collection of video cassettes to more compact and durable DVDs.
Portable DVD player.There are also portable DVD players with a built-in monitor and screen size from 7 to 12 inches. It can be taken with me in the car, to the country, on vacation or on a business trip.

If you have a simple TV with a screen size less than 21 inches and you are not going to part with it while it is necessary to part, then you should not buy too hardening the DVD player. You will not be able to take advantage of all the features of the expensive new clothes.

How to connect a DVD player to a TV?

Depending on the available (or supposed in the future) of the TV, pay attention to how the DVD player will connect to it - the quality of playback depends on it. As you know, the image and sound on DVD are recorded in one of the digital formats, so the best quality will turn out if the signal will remain digital to the screen itself. However, this is possible only on liquid crystal and plasma panels, since the electron-beam tube (kinescope) is only controlled by an analog signal. If someone else does not know what the advantage of the digital signal, I will briefly explain. Analog signal carries information by means of its value: more signal voltage - above the brightness of the point on the screen, less voltage - the darker point is respectively. In this case, noise, tip, nonlinear distortion of amplifying elements have far from the best effect on the quality of the picture. In a digital signal, all information is encrypted by binary code, so no noise and interference is terrible.

If the TV and the DVD player are equipped with an HDMI connector, it is very cool, such an interface is capable of transmitting digital and analog signals. If HDMI is not, then make sure that there are at least DVI is an interface that transmits only a digital signal. It is these two interfaces that are able to transfer the most clear picture so that you can enjoy watching a qualitative DVD movie.

To transmit an analog signal (onto a TV with an electrical screen), SCART connectors, component, composite and S-video connectors are used. In terms of image quality, you should give preference to a component interface. There the signal is divided into separate components in brightness and chroma. The S-Video interface (Separate Video) also shares the video signal to the brightness signal with synchronizing pulses and the color signal. The SCART interface also arrives, its advantage is that when the DVD player is connected, you can do with one cord. A composite cable is less preferable, despite its compactness and what allows one wire to do. The fact is that one wire in this case is a mixed signal, which leads to loss of image quality.

And one more feature should be considered when purchasing a DVD player. The fact is that in the world of DVD the whole globe is conditionally divided into 6 regional zones. Russia refers to the 5th zone. If your uncle from America sent you a disk designed to view in another regional zone, it will not be read on your player. That this does not happen, it is necessary to either immediately purchase a multizone player, or apply other measures to withdraw regional protection.

Now you are fairly grounded theoretically, you can go to the store. And nice to you Views!

Instruction

Video formats. Any DVD player model should play VCD and SVCD formats - which are written on conventional CDs. But now such formats do not have much dissemination, due to poor quality video. MPEG-4 is considered a more popular format. It allows you to play high-quality video on CD discs.

Audio formats. Most models lose ordinary CD, MP3 and WMA. But the most interesting DVD-Audio and SACD - formats with high-quality sound. Although, in practice, these formats have not yet been widespread, because they require good sound reproducing equipment.

Outputs. DVD players can be equipped with the following video outputs: S-VIDEO, SCART, YCBCR, VGA, RGB, composite and output with progressive scan. In order to determine the desired, instructions need to be necessary. Audio outputs: Audio 5.1, stereo, digital and optical, microphone input and output. The presence of digital output will allow you to achieve high-quality sound even from an inexpensive DVD player.

Protection. DVD video can be protected from copying to video tapes and provided with zone protection. That is, discs purchased in one region (for example, in America), you will not be able to reproduce in another (Europe). Therefore, you need to check the DVD player for the lack of protection (in the price list it must be written "Multi-zone").

Additional functions. Many DVD players can play images in JPEG and Kodak Photo CD format. This feature will be useful for camera owners. Many can please the presence of karaoke - connecting the microphone, you can execute your favorite songs.

Video on the topic

To ensure high-quality sounding of multimedia columns, players, etc. This device is needed as a receiver. Your comfort depends on his proper choice while listening to music.

Instruction

First of all, it is necessary to explore the specialized literature, in which various models of receivers from different manufacturers are clearly described and compared their main characteristics and sound quality.

According to the information received from the literature, it is necessary to clearly decide how much money can be calculated, and what the sound of musical instruments should be. To select the receiver correctly, pay the focus on its technical specifications.

Determine the power you need. For apartments there will be enough receiver with a capacity of 50 - 60 W per canal, and for a private house there is a better device with a capacity of 80 - 100 W per canal. Clearly determine the assignment of the selected device, now there are receivers from 5.1, 6.1 and even 7.1 decoders, but the latter are still quite rare.

If the device does not listen to the movies with phonograms, then in this case it is better to choose 5.1 receiver, it will be much cheaper than 6.1 or 7.1 sound, when buying, consider all possible needs, so that it does not turn out that the bought receiver does not support Required functions.

To select a receiver with good sound and at an affordable price, pay attention to the presence of decoders such as Dolby Pro Logic, Dolby Digital and DTS. At the receiver must be a DTS decoder otherwise, many discs, recorded in this format, will be unavailable.

Buy equipment only proven and well-proven manufacturers in sound technique. Remember that high-class audio drives are usually unknown for the total mass of people manufacturers, and those who are known on other products can be outsiders in musical technology.

Video on the topic

The DVD receiver is a combined apparatus that includes the functionality of the AV receiver and the DVD player. But to choose the DVD receiver is not easy, because some models of this device differ from others with technical specifications.

You will need

DVD receivers.

Instruction

One of the moments to be given to how to pay when choosing a DVD receiver - the presence of linear outputs. The ideal is the option when the head unit transfers the signal to an external amplifier through linear outputs. Due to the fact that the amplifier is connected to the linear output of the DVD receiver, the transmitted audio signal will be clean, that is, without distortion and interference.

Please note that the headseckers may have more than one linear output, and some models are equipped with a built-in crossover. DVD receivers with one linear output are ideal for creating an entry audio system. Devices with two linear outputs make it possible to adjust the volume of the back and frontal acoustic systems directly from the head unit.

Modern living rest implies the ability to regularly watch movies and listening to music. One of the devices used to organize a cheap home theater is a stationary DVD player. The possibility of playing DVDs is also available in Blu-ray players, and some users generally refuse to view video on disks using multimedia players, reproducing encoded and collected in AVI or MKV containers.

But the stationary DVD players remain in demand as a home theater component in those who have already collected a large collection of disks of this format or simply does not see the need for a transition to another type of player. Moreover, the manufacturers of stationary players implement not only DVD support in them, but also playing files from media connected via USB.

What to pay attention to when choosing a stationary DVD player

Choosing a DVD player, you should view the following main characteristics:

supported video and decoding formats;
number of audio channels;
types of audio / video outputs;
presence of USB ports;
additional features (karaoke, image scaling).

Reproducible formats

The first thing you need to see is how much the DVD player is "omnivorous." The more file formats it supports, the better the purchase - you can use the player to play videos not only from the disks, but also from other media, as well as view photos and listen to music. This is important because the resolution of the DVD video is not enough for a large screen of a modern TV. Therefore, it's good if the player can be used not only to run discs from your collection, but also to watch new movies in HD and FULL HD permission.

The stationary DVD player is capable not only to run the disk on which films are recorded in the DVD format, but also to play information from the CDs with audio files and pictures and, if you have a USB port, read other media (flash drives or portable hard drives) with recorded On them multimedia files encoded using XVID, DivX, MPEG4 codecs, etc., collected in MKV, AVI containers. From the audio files, the players can usually read MP3, WMA, WAV formats.

You should buy a player that reads all types of discs: both manufactured in the production method and recorded at home - DVD, DVD-R, DVD + R, DVD-RW, DVD + RW, CD-R, Video CD and other rare formats , for example, DVD Audio.

Number of audio channels and sound decoding

Finding out which types of files play a DVD player, pay attention to the number of audio channels. Mostly in the players, sound support is implemented in 5.1 format - five channels and subwoofer. Only in the cheapest devices is given a two-channel stereo sound.

To play the player to play multichannel sound, you need support for the decoding of audio formats: Dolbydigital, DTS, LPCM, PCM. The selected player must maintain these formats, otherwise the correct sound picture will not be formed.

Type connectors for connecting

The stationary DVD player connects to the TV, as well as audio columns or soundbar, if it comes to a full-fledged home cinema. It is enough to verify that there are ports in the player, with which you connect it to the TV and speakers. But manufacturers take into account different requirements, so there are a lot of connectors.

To transmit audio, depending on the cost of the player, set:

6 RCA connectors ("tulips") for connecting columns and transmission of decoded sound on columns 5.1. Now, in connection with almost ubiquitous use, HDMI is available only in separate models;
optical and coaxial digital connector;
HDMI - along with a video signal;
mINI JACK (3.5 mm) connector for headphones.

The video is transmitted to the following connectors:

1 RCA, composite - the oldest and low-quality way to transfer a video signal. Suitable only to transfer an analog signal with a low resolution. Even when transmitting a video signal from a DVD, which is also not too high in the current time, the difference between the signal transmitted through one "tulip" and other methods will be noticeable. Nevertheless, it is always in all players, since they are equipped with all the TVs;
S-Video is a four-pass connector that provides the transmission of the signal with the best quality compared to the composite RCA. Is the development of RCA, since the video signal is also transmitted in one wire;
SCART is a rectangular connector with 21 contact. Used to transfer video, audio and control signals, it is now almost not found;
Component interface - transmits video signal through three RCA connector. Allows you to get a better image than that that is transmitted through one "tulip", as it transmits an analog video signal to three channels. Better than this method of connecting only HDMI;
HDMI is the best and most popular way to connect the player to TV and the audio system. It transmits a video and audio signal in digital form, providing high-quality high-resolution video transmission, which is not possible when using a component output and, moreover, one "tulip".

Almost all modern players are equipped with a USB port used to connect flash drives or portable hard drives. It is needed in order to use a DVD player as a device to play multimedia files from USB drives. As a result, the owner of the player can play almost all videos, provided that the device supports all formats.

In most cases, manufacturers are placed on the rear panel several ports, of which the owner chooses the one that it is more convenient. Places on the back wall is enough to set all the above listed connectors. Therefore, usually their number and specific types depend on the cost of the player. In cheap models, they usually do not put HDMI by paying around the transmission of the signal on the RCA connectors ("Tulips").

Features DVD players

DVD players are controlled using the buttons on the housing and control panel. The first option is used as a spare, since the usual human laziness will never make it stand from the sofa to push the buttons when there is a convenient remote.

The control system is based on a simple-screen setup menu, which allows you to select the desired image format, sound removal, video settings, etc.
From the control panel, the user manages the choice of multimedia files from the media, starting movies or bonus materials from the DVD menu, sets the playback speed, starts the rewind, select sound tracks, etc.

Each manufacturer offers its vision of the menu and the control panel, so when choosing a player it is worth seeing how convenient its design is implemented for you. Typically, the consoles are made in small, conveniently fallen in the hand, but the location of the buttons is entirely the idea of \u200b\u200bengineers and designers of the manufacturer. Some of the players support the HDMI-CEC function, which allows you to control the TV and player from one remote.

On the player housing is located at least the buttons allowing the main control functions: on, turning off, selecting a movie or partition and rewind. All other commands are also given using the buttons on the housing, but their logic is often made in such a way that it is easier to use the remote.

Additional functions

An important additional feature that is very useful when using a player with modern TVs with large screens - the presence of an image scaling function. The fact is that the DVD format implies that the video is recorded with a resolution of 720x576 or 720x480 pixels. If you run such a video on the screen with FullHD-resolution and a large diagonal, then the picture will have a not too impressive look. To fix this situation used