Details and size of the contact network. Design and calculation of the AC contact network. The type of console, which we received the most widespread. At the end of the console, behind the place of attachment on it, the thrust there is a horizontal ot, allowing regulations

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console Contact Suspension Network

Introduction

1. Theoretical section

1.1 Calculation of loads acting on the contact suspension

1.2 Calculation of the maximum allowable span lengths

1.4 Tracing of the 6 Contact Return

2. Technological section

2.1 Current Repair of Consoles

3. Economic section

4.1 Organizational and technical measures to ensure the safety of working. Working conditions in the area of \u200b\u200bthe contact network

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

The contact network is an essential element of a traction power supply system of electrical transport. From the reliable operation of the contact network largely depends on the successful implementation of the main function of railway transport - timely transportation of passengers and goods in accordance with the specified schedule of movement.

The main task of the contact network is the transmission of electricity to rolling stock due to a reliable, economical and environmentally friendly current conversation in the calculated meteo conditions at the set speeds of the current collectors and the values \u200b\u200bof the transmitted current.

The main elements of the contact suspension contact network are the wires of the contact network (contact wire carrying the cable, enhancing the wire, etc.), supports that support devices (consoles, flexible crossbars and rigid crossbars) and insulators.

When designing the contact network, the number and brand of wires are chosen, based on the results of the calculation of the traction power supply system, as well as traction calculations; Determine the type of contact suspension in accordance with the maximum speed of the electrical composition and other operating conditions; Find the length of the span; Select the length of the anchor sites, types of supports and support devices for distillation; Develop the design of the contact network in artificial structures; Place the supports and make up the plans of the contact network at stations and distillations with the coordination of zigzags of wires and taking into account the performing air arrows and elements of the partitioning of the contact network (insulating interference of the anchor sections and neutral inserts, sectional insulators and disconnectors).

In recent years, the roads of heavy and long-term trains have been expanding on the roads of the country, a new electro-moving composition of high power is commissioned, the speed of movement of passenger and freight trains increases, grows by cargo progress.

This diploma project discusses the design of the DC contact network in order to obtain skills to design, choose equipment, constructing assembly curves and verification of state, adjustment and repair of the sectional insulator.

1. Theoretical section

1.1 Calculation of loads acting on the suspension

Of the variety of combinations of metcheriological conditions that act in the contact of the contact network, three estimated modes can be distinguished, in which efforts (tension) in the bearing cable may be the largest, dangerous for the strength of the cable:

Minimum temperature mode - cable compression;

Maximum wind mode - tension of the cable;

Holegond mode - stretching the cable.

For these calculated modes and determine the load on the carrier cable.

1.1.1 Mode of Minimum Temperature

The carrier cable is experiencing only a vertical load of its own weight and on the weight of the contact wire, strings and clamps.

The vertical load from its own weight of the 1st strap meter of wires in Dan / M is determined by the formula:

where GT, GK is the load from its own weight of one meter of carrier and contact wires, Dan / m; should be taken and;

n - the number of contact wires;

gC - load from own weight strings and clips uniformly

distributed by the length of the span is taken equal to 0.05 DAN / M for each wire.

Main paths station and distillation:

1.1.2 Maximum Wind Mode

In this mode, the vertical load on the weight of the contact suspension wires and the horizontal load from the wind pressure on the carrier and contact wires (the ice is missing) is valid. The wind of the maximum intensity is observed at air temperature +. The vertical load on the weight of the contact suspension wires is defined above by formula (1.1).

The horizontal wind load for the carrier cable is determined by the formula:

where CX is the aerodynamic coefficient of windshield resistance wind is determined by table p.105;

The coefficient considering the influence of local conditions The location of the suspension on the wind speed is determined by Table 19 p.104;

The normative speed of the wind of the greatest intensity, m / s; Repeatability 1 time in 10 years is defined in Table 18 p.102;

d is the diameter of the carrier cable, mm; p.33.

Horizontal wind load on the contact wire is determined by the formula:

where n is the height of the contact wire p.26.

Recess to 7 m depth:

Matter height more than 5 m:

The resulting (total) load on the carrier cable in Dan / m is determined by the formula:

Recess to 7 m depth:

Direct plot, curves of various radii:

Matter height more than 5 m:

When determining the resulting load on the contact wire, it will not be taken into account, because Basically perceived by the locks.

1.1.3 Holemond Mode with Wind

On the contact suspension wires in this mode, the vertical load from its own weight, the weight of the ice ice and the horizontal load from the wind pressure on the contact suspension wires, the wind speed with ice minus C, the vertical load from its own weight of the contact suspension wires is defined above.

The vertical load from the weight of the ice on the bearer Cable Dan / m is determined by the formula:

where - the overload coefficient can be adopted: \u003d 0.75 - for protected areas of the contact network (recess); 1 - for normal conditions of the contact network (station, curve); \u003d 1.25 - for unprotected areas of the contact network (mound);

The thickness of the hole wall on the bearing cable, mm.

d is the diameter of the carrier cable, mm; - 3.14.

The thickness of the hole wall on the bearing cable, mm is determined by the formula:

where is the normative wall thickness of the ice, mm;

The coefficient takes into account the influence of the diameter of the wire for the deposition of ice p. 100;

The ratio takes into account the effect of the height of the position of the contact suspension page 100.

For the main routes of station and driving for the carrier cable M-95 accept \u003d 0.98.

For recess, a depth of more than 5m \u003d 0.6.

For a direct section of the constraint and curves of various radii \u003d 0.8.

For embanking more than 5m \u003d 1.1.

Vertical load from the weight of the ice on the contact wire in Dan / M is determined by the formula:

where - the thickness of the ice wall on the contact wire, mm; On the contact wire, the thickness of the hole wall is taken equal to 50% of the holled holes on the carrier cable;

Middle Contact Wire Diameter, mm

where n and a is, respectively, the height and width of the cross section of the contact wire, mm.

Direct plot and curves of various radius:

Recess to 7m depth:

Matter height more than 5m:

Direct plot and curves of various radius:

Recess to 7 m depth:

Matter height more than 5 m:

Full vertical load on the weight of the ice on the wires of the contact suspension in Dan / m is determined by the formula:

where - uniformly distributed by the length of the spanter vertical to the load from the weight of the ice on strings and clamps at one contact wire, Dan / M, which, depending on the hound walls, the ice wall is

Direct plot of driving and curves of various radii:

Recess to 7m depth:

Matter height more than 5m:

Horizontal wind load on the carrier cable, covered with ice in Dan / m, is determined by the formula:

where is the normative wind speed with ice, m / s. \u003d 13 m / s.

Recess to 7m depth:

Matter height more than 5m:

Horizontal wind load on the contact wire, covered by ice in Dan / M, is determined by the formula:

Direct plot and curves of various radii:

Recess to 7m depth:

Matter height more than 5m:

The resulting (total) load on the carrier cable in Dan / M is determined by the formula:

Direct plot and curves of various radii:

Recess to 7m depth:

Matter height more than 5m:

1.1.4 Selecting the original settlement

The results of the calculation of loads acting on the contact suspension wires are reduced to Table 1.1; Comparing the loads of various modes (mode of minimum temperatures, maximum wind and wind with ice), we determine the mode for subsequent calculations.

Table 1.1.

Loads acting on the contact suspension in Dan

Plot of terrain

Loads acting on the contact suspension

P.O. (curve)

As a result of the calculations, it was obtained that the resulting load in the maximum wind mode is greater than the load in the wind mode with a holly, based on this, we accept the calculated mode - the wind.

1.2 Determination of the lengths of the spans on the forward and curve

Rules of device and technical operation of the contact network of electrified railways (CE-868). It is recommended to perform the lengths of the spans by the condition of the current collector not more than 70m.

The length of the span for the direct portion of the path is determined by the formula:

On curves:

We finally determine the length of the span, taking into account the specific equivalent load on the formulas:

On curves:

where k is the nominal tension of contact wires, given;

The greatest allowable horizontal deviation

contact wires; From the axis of the current collector in the span; - on straight and - on curves;

a - zigzag of the contact wire, - on direct and - on curves;

Elastic deflection support, m, take from the table at the corresponding wind speed;

where h is the structural height of the suspension;

g 0 - load on the carrier cable on the weight of all chain suspension wires;

T 0 - the tension of the carrier cable with the leverage position of the contact wire.

The specific equivalent load that takes into account the interaction of the carrier cable and the contact wire with wind deviations, Dan / M is determined by the formula:

where T is the tension of the carrier cable of the contact suspension in the calculated mode, given;

The length of the suspended garlands of insulators, m, the length of the garlands of insulators can be taken: 0.16 m (length of earrings and saddle) with isolated consoles; 0.56 m at two suspended insulators in garlands, 0.73 m at three, 0.90 m with four insulators;

The length of the span, m.

Finally determine the length of the span, taking into account the specific equivalent load:

Direct plot of driving:

Recess to 7m depth:

Matter height more than 5m:

Curving with a radius of 1300 m:

We accept the length of the span equal to 45m.

Curving with a radius of 2000 m:

Further calculations will be reduced to Table 1.2.

Table 1.2.

The length of the flights on the direct and curve areas of the path

1.3 Development and justification of the power scheme and partitioning of the station station and adjacent distillation

1.3.1 Drawing up the power scheme and partitioning of the contact network

The contact network of an electrified area to ensure reliable operation and the convenience of its service is divided into separate sections, electrically independent of each other. The partitioning is carried out by insulating interfacing of anchor sections, sectional insulators, sectional disconnectors, mortise semi-generating insulators.

The longitudinal partitioning provides for the station of the station's contact network from the terminal control network for each main path.

The longitudinal partitioning is carried out by four-track and three-span, insulating pairing, which are located between the input signal and the extreme arrow translation.

On the insulating pairs are installed shunting their longitudinal sectional disconnectors, denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet: A, B, B, G.

The transverse partitioning between paths is carried out by sectional insulators, transverse disconnectors and mortise insulators in fixing cables of transverse and in non-working contact suspension branches. Transverse disconnectors connecting the contact suspensions of different sections of the stations are denoted by the letter "P".

Attaching the contact suspension of paths where work is produced near the contact network, perform sectional disconnectors with grounding knives; Denote by the letter "s".

Modern requirement provides for the use of remote and television management by sectional disconnectors, so linear, longitudinal and transverse disconnectors should be designed with motor drives.

Power supply to the contact network from the traction substation is carried out by the supply lines (feeders), usually air. Feed fiders: Essential paths F2, F4; Sound F1, F3, F5.

On the two-step areas of DC power, the line feeding from the traction substation to the terminal control network is designed separately for each path. The feeder line, nourishing station paths, are allocated separately. In the supply lines of the DC contact network, linear disconnectors are ascended in the connectivity places to the contact network.

Disconnectors of the feed lines are indicated by "F" with digital indices.

The power supply scheme is presented in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Power Space and Partitioning Station

1.4 Perebon Contact Returns Tracing

Tracing contact network periant

The control plans of the constraint are drawn up 1: 2000 on millimeter paper. The required length of the sheet is determined based on the predetermined distance length, taking into account the scale and the required stock in the right-hand side of the drawing for the placement of general data and the main inscription.

The range of the Contact Return network is drawn in the following sequence:

Pre-breakdown of distillation on anchor sections. The arrangement of the supports on the stretch is starting with the transfer to the laying plan of the insulating pairing support. The location of these supports on the range should be linked to their location on the station plan. The linkage is carried out in the input signal, which is indicated and on the plan of the station;

Anchor of the anchor sections of the contact network, the approximate location of the places of their conjugations. In the middle of the anchor sites, there are places of medium anchors where it is necessary to reduce the lengths of the spans.

Anchoring anchor suspension areas, it is necessary to proceed from the following considerations:

The number of anchor sites on the distance must be minimal;

The maximum length of the anchor section of the contact wire on direct is received not more than 1600m;

Next, alignment of supports on the distance. The layout of the supports is made by spans, if possible, equal to the appropriate area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, obtained as a result of the calculations of the lengths of the spans. Sleeps with medium anchors should be reduced with compensated: two spans by 5% of the maximum calculated length for the corresponding area of \u200b\u200bthe area;

Processing the range of the run. After performing the alignment of the supports and zigzags of the contact wire, they produce the final breakdown of the terminal of the distillation to the anchor sections and draw their conjugation.

Figure 1.2 shows the passage of contact suspension in artificial structures.

Figure 1.2 Contact suspension passage in artificial facilities

1.5 Selection of support-supporting structures

The selection of typical support and fixing devices is performed when designing a contact network by binding the designed structures to the specific conditions for their installation.

In the project, uninsulated chamber consoles No. 5 (HP-II-5) were used. Consoles Challared label HP (uninsulated with a stretched pull) and ns (uninsulated with compressed burden.

The selection of consoles in various installation conditions are carried out in accordance with tables developed in a transcelectric process for districts with a normative thickness of the ice wall to 20 mm inclusive and at wind speed up to 35 m / s with repeatability of climatic loads at least once every 10 years.

Selection of typical uninsulated and isolated consoles for constant and alternating current lines are performed depending on the type of supports and the location of their installation. In addition, for direct current lines in direct portions of the path, it is necessary to consider the dimensions of the installation of anchor supports.

Typical brackets are designed metallic and wooden. On metal suspended wires of DPR lines, reinforcing, powered, sucking and reverse current wires (in areas with suction transformers). On the wooden brackets, the wires of air lines 6 and 10 kV voltage up to 1000 V and wave-ups are fixed.

Mistas and racks are used in cases where the height of the support is insufficient to install the required bracket, as well as if it is required to locate the wires over the rigid cross.

The extensions and racks are selected depending on the purpose, in the necessary cases they are checked for specific loads.

Rigid typical baroque type crossings are a cross-cutting of a rectangular cross-section farm consisting of separate blocks. Diagonal grille: directed in vertical planes and non-directional in horizontal. Scrolls in the usual design, intended for areas with the estimated temperature to -40c, are made of Embassion to Embryps6 1st and 2nd groups of strength. Scrolls are completed from two, three or four blocks depending on the length of the calculated span. The joints of the blocks are cross in the usual version of the welded, in the northern design - on the bolts. Marking of blocks cross in the usual design - BC (extreme), BS (medium), in the northern design - BCS, BSS. The sequence number of the block is added to the iconic designation, such as BCS-29.

Typical articulated clamps developed in the transelectroerate are selected depending on the type of consoles and the location of their installation, and for transition supports - taking into account the location of the working and ankusable pendant branches relative to the support. In addition, they take into account that the retainer is intended for.

In the designations of typical locks, the letters f (clamp), P (straight), O (reverse) are used. In the marking there are Roman numbers I, II, etc., characterizing the lengths of the main locks. The project was used by the FO-II brand locks, FP-III - on the direct portion of the run and embankment, FP-IV and FO-V in the curves of the distillation sites in the excavation.

Contact Network Supports can be divided into two main groups: carriers on which there are any supporting devices (consoles, brackets, rigid or flexible crossings), and fixing, on which only fixing devices (clamps or fixing crossings). In the first case, the supports perceive both vertical and horizontal loads, in the second, only horizontal.

Depending on the type of supporting device, the carrier supports of cantilever (with single-section or double-circuit consoles) are distinguished, rigid crossbar (single and paired) and flexible supports. Console supports are usually divided into intermediate (one contact suspension is mounted on them) and transitional, installed on the pairing of anchor sites and air arrows (two contact suspensions are attached to them).

In addition to loads in the plane perpendicular to the path axis, the supports can perceive the efforts from the anchoring of those or other wires that create loads in the plane parallel to the path axis. In this case, the supports are called anchor. As a rule, the supports of the contact network simultaneously perform several functions, for example, the transitional console support may be anchor and, moreover, maintain still supply wires.

To install on newly electrified lines, support support supports for DC sections are designed. Supports fixed on the foundation are used - separate, which, when connected to the foundation type, the TS becomes dumb. Ploots reinforced concrete - CC108.6-1, anchor - SS108.7-3, transitional - SS108.6-2. The project was used by the project plates of the OP-2 brand; Anchors type TA-1 and TA-3.

2 . Technological section

2.1 Current Repair of Consoles

Contact Network Support Console - Supporting device fixed on a support consisting of a bracket in thrust. Depending on the number of overlapping paths of the console, the support of the contact network may be single, two- and multi-parties. On domestic railways, the support consoles of the contact network support are most often used, because with the larger number of the support of the contact network support, the mechanical connection between the contact suspensions of various paths reduces the reliability of the contact network. Single-on the contact network supports are uninsulated, or grounded, when insulators are located between the carrier cable and the bracket, as well as in the clock terminal, and isolated, with insulators placed in brackets and traction. Uninsulated Contact Network Support Consoles (Figure 2. 1) in shape can be curved, inclined and horizontal.

Figure 2 1 Uninsulated console: 1 - carrier cable; 2 - Console traction; 3 - Console bracket; 4 - fixative insulator; 5 - lock; 6 carrier insulators

Previously used curved contact network support consoles. The inclined console supports the contact network is much easier to be curved and more convenient in manufacturing and transporting. Brackets of oblique consoles of the contact network support are made of two channels or pipes. Clamps are attached to the console brackets through insulators. For supports installed with an enlarged dimension (5.7 m from the axis of the path), consoles with a troops are used. On the interfacing of the anchor sections when installing on one support, two supports of the contact network support are used by a special traverse. The horizontal console supports the contact network is used in cases where the height of the support is sufficient to fix the thrust.

With isolated consoles, the support of the contact network is possible to carry out work on the carrier cable near the contact network support consoles without disconnecting the voltage, which is unacceptable with the contact network support consoles, the absence of garlands of insulators on the console ensures greater stability of the carrier cable, which is especially important at high speeds of trains. Insulated consoles are performed only by inclined, with brackets that include rod porcelain (console) insulators, and rods with rod insulators or garlands from plate insulators.

Console classification

Consoles are uninterrupted and two-way (multi-part). Single consoles are two types: inclined and straight - horizontal. The main advantage of the inclined console is that it requires a smaller height of the support compared to the straight console, since with the inclined console of the traction is horizontally and attached to the support, approximately at the height of the carrier cable. The advantage of a direct console is that it makes it possible to more widely adjust the position of the carrier cable in the direction of the path and allows you to conveniently place the reinforcing wires on the same console.

The type of console, which we received the most widespread. At the end of the console, behind the mounting site on it, the thrust there is a horizontal Sve, which allows you to adjust the position of the insulator in the direction of the path.

The consoles are usually made of two channels or corners, fastened between themselves at several points with welding or ripples. Schwellors or corners are located with a small gap between them, sufficient to accommodate the ears of thrust from the bohel for fastening the insulator. Consoles of the tubular section can also be used. The console's thrust is performed from round iron, and the adjustment of the length of the thrust during the installation of the console is made by means of the thread at the end.

A stepped method for adjusting the length of thrust is also used by inclusion between the load and installed on the support item for its attachment of adjusting strip glasses with holes located at equal distances. On metal supports, the console and thrust are attached to the corners, fixed on the supports. Corner for fastening the console spot has two welded segments with a hole for a heel with a head, by means of which the stifth of the console is attached. Corner for fastening thrust has a through hole (in the case of attachment of thrust on a thread) or it is performed in the same way as the corner for fastening the console spot (in the case of adjusting planks). On wooden supports, the fastening detail of the console spot is fastened with deputy and has several holes to possibly control the position of the console in height.

In areas equipped with a compensated chain suspension, swivel consoles are used, usually tubular, hinged on the supports.

At the location of the supports from the inside of the curve and in transitional supports, in place of inverse locks, sometimes inverse consoles are used, having a vertical rack, which serves to attach the retainer with the opposite side opposite to the support. The appointment of reverse consoles is the same as inverse locks. The use of reverse consoles has the disadvantage that, due to the path close from the axis, the location of the grounded parts is limited to the possibility of carrying out work under voltage. On two-way and multipurpose areas, if, by the conditions of the area it is impossible to position the suspension of each path on individual consoles, sometimes two-way consoles are used. Two-step consoles are usually maintained by two traction and have a vertical rack for fastening the second-path retainment on the interface axis.

When the support with a two-bundle console on the inner side of the curve, reverse two-way consoles are used. In addition to the consoles for the chain suspension on the supports of the contact network, brackets for enhancement wires, fixative brackets and angle for fastening the enclosures on the support of the wires are attached. All these parts are attached on wooden supports usually with the help of hydraids or through bolts, on metal supports - with hook bolts.

Brackets for reinforcing wires and fixative brackets on newly mounted lines must have such a length so that from the nearest face of the supports to the suspension under the vellenges of the suspension, a distance of at least 0.8 m

3. Economic section

3.1 Calculation of the cost of the facilities of the Contact Network on the 40

In the course project, it is necessary to estimate the cost of the facilities of the contact network on the range or station. The initial data for the compilation of estimates for construction and installation work are specifications to the plans of the contact network and the price of execution of work.

We accept the course. On June 1, 2013, equal to 31.75.

The entire economic calculation is reduced to Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

Estimation of the cost of the facilities of the contact network

Name of works or costs	Ornitsa Measurement	Estimated cost of C.E.	Common number

Construction works
Installation of reinforced concrete dual supports in the foundations of a glass type, installed with a support plate by instillation at the station
Waterproofing of reinforced concrete supports
Installation of reinforced concrete anchors with distillation with vibro-driving at the station and distillation
The cost of reinforced concrete support types:



The cost of three beam foundations like:

The cost of three beam anchors like:

Cost of detentious type:


Cost of consoles of tubular isolated galvanized
The cost of mortgage parts for fixing consoles	set

Small unrecorded expenses
Overheads
The same on the installation of metal constructions and their cost
Planned accumulations
Total costs:
Mounting work
Rolling "Top" contact wire:
Single on the main ways
Contact suspension adjustment with two contact wires: chain elastic (spring)
Installation of one-sided rigid anchoring: carrier cable or solitary
Installation of one-sided compensated anchoring: contact wire
Installation of a combined compensated insurrection of the carrier cable and a single contact wire
Installation of three-span interface of anchor sections without partitioning
Installation of medium anchoring during compensated suspension
Installation of the first wire (reinforcing) on \u200b\u200bsuspended insulators, taking into account the installation of brackets and insulant garlands
Cost of KF-6.5 brackets
Installation of a group grounding wire
Installation of a diode earthing
Installation of the OPN and the horror arrester

Small unaccounted works
Overheads
Planned accumulations
Total costs:
Materials





Wire bimetallic BSM-1 with a diameter of 4 mm (strings)
Other materials not taken into account
Planned accumulations
Total costs:
Equipment
Disconnector RS3000 / 3,3-1U1 / RSU-3000 / 3.3
Horny arresters with two gaps
Diode Earth ZD-1
Porcelain insulator with PF-70V pestle
Accrual on equipment
Total costs:
Cost cost:

4. Labor protection and traffic safety

4.1 Organizational and technical activities that ensure the safety of work on the contact network. Working conditions in the area of \u200b\u200bthe contact network

Work on the contact network under voltage

Working under voltage is carried out with isolated vehicles and auto-separation sites, with removable insulating stairs. The peculiarity of these works is that the performer of work is directly in contact with high voltage, so it must be reliably isolated from the ground and the possibility of touching ground-grilled structures should be excluded.

Before work, insulating parts are insulating parts, they are convinced of the health of all parts, the stairs and insulators wipe. Turn the insulation with the operating voltage directly from the contact network. To do this, after the lifting on an insulated platform or a staircase, without touching the contact network and being further from it, the hook of the shunting rod touches one of the elements of the contact network that is under voltage (string, electrical connector or fixer). It is not allowed by the shunting rod to approach the isolator for a distance of less than 1 m and touch the wires located under significant mechanical load, since when the tower isolation malfunction or staircase arises an arc that can damage the insulator or cause the wire facing.

After checking the insulation, the shunting rods are walked on the wires of the contact suspension and leave in this position for the entire time of production. If movement occurs and it is necessary to temporarily remove the shunting rods, the employee, being on the site, should not touch the wires and structures.

The hungry shunting rod reliably controls the insulation status and levels the potential of all parts to which the working manner is touched. On an isolated site, Avtodrezin and Avtomotris can simultaneously be and operate no more than three, and on an insulating removable tower - no more than two electromontoes. Go to insulated platforms alternately with removed shunting rods. Two electromontera can be raised on the insulating removable tower at the same time on both sides.

In contrast to the works with the steps, the automotive and auto-separation of work with an insulating removable tower, as a rule, are usually carried out, as a rule, without stopping the movement of trains. Therefore, so that it can be timely removed from the way, the brigade consists (depending on the weight of the tower) at least from four-five people, not counting the alarms.

In areas with single-end rail chains, the tower is installed on the path so that it is uninsulated from its lower part the wheel was on the traction rail. When installing a removable tower on the ground, the lower part of it is attached to the traction rail with a grounding copper wire of the same section as the wire used for the shunting.

Moving an insulating tower, an autod-cut or automobile, while in the working platform of workers only on the team of the artist therea, which warns all his assistants working on the site, to terminate the work and, making sure that they do not concern the wires, removes the shunting rods at the time of movement . Movement should be smooth at a speed of no more than 5 km / h for removable tower and no more than 10 km / h for automotive and auto-line.

Works under the voltage are performed without an order of the energy prophercher, but with its permission. The powerfulness is informed about the place and nature of the work scheduled for work, as well as the time of their endings.

If the work is carried out in the partitioning places of the contact network (on an insulating interconnection, sectional insulator or a mortise isolator, separating two sections of the contact network), an order of an energy proper is required. In this case, the sections must be drawn (section sectional disconnector), and the shunting rods are installed on the wires of both sections of the contact network. To equalize the potentials in sections and the exclusion of the equalization current on the installation tools on the site of work, at least one span between the supports is set to a removable shunt jumper from the copper flexible wire with a cross section of at least 50 mm 2.

The production of work under voltage is not allowed under pedestrian bridges, rigid crossbars and in other places, where the distance to grounded structures or structures and wires under a different voltage, less than 0.8 m at a constant and 1 m with alternating current. Works are not allowed to stress during rain, fog and wet snowfall, since under these conditions, the leakage current through insulating parts becomes dangerous. To avoid random wiring, and tipping the removable tower under voltage is not operating at wind speeds above 12 m / c.

When working with insulating wheels, it is prohibited: to leave the tool and other items on the workstation, which may fall during installation and tower meat; working down to touch directly or through any items to the removable tower above the grounded belt; producing work under which efforts are transmitted to the top of the tower, causing the danger of its tipping; Move the removable tower on the ground while I find workers on it.

In all cases, the head and other workers strictly follow the possibility of shunting the insulating part of the tower or insulators of an isolated platform by any objects (rods, wire, retainer, staircase, etc.).

If necessary, the lifting cable and other wires apply a lightweight wooden staircase with a length of no more than 3 m with hooks for cord for cable or wire. When working on the stairs, they are fixed to the cable of the sling of the safety belt.

Technical measures to ensure safety under voltage

Technical activities that ensure the safety of work under voltage are:

- issuance of warnings on trains and fence of the place of work;

- performance of work only with the use of protective equipment;

- inclusion of disconnectors, imposition of stationary and portable shunting rods and jumpers;

- Lighting the place of work in the dark time.

When working in the partitioning places of the contact network under voltage (insulating interfaces of the anchor sections, sectional insulators and mortise isolators), as well as when disconnecting the loops of disconnectors, arresters, suction transformers from the contact network and installing inserts in the contact network wires, shunt rods installed on Insulating removable tits, insulating operations of automotive and automobiles, as well as portable shunting rods and shunt jumpers.

The cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe copper flexible wires of the specified rods and jumpers should be at least 50 mm 2.

To connect the wires of various sections to transmit traction current, it is necessary to use jumpers from a copper flexible wire with a cross-section area of \u200b\u200bat least 70% of the cross-section cross-section of the wires.

When working on an insulating interface of anchor sections, on a sectional insulator separating two sections of the contact network, mortise insulators should be included with their sectional sectional disconnectors.

In all cases, a shunt jumper connecting the contact pendants of the adjacent sections should be installed at the place of work. The distance from the operating to this jumper should be no more than 1st mast span.

If the distance to the shunt section disconnector is over 600 m, the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe shunt jumper at the place of operation should be at least 95 mm 2 by copper.

Technological process of comprehensive check and repair console

Repair and checking the console is performed with the removal of voltage with contact suspension directly from the support or using the appitable staircase of 9 m; with lifting to height; without interruption in the movement of trains. By Alpest, and the order of the Energy Technology. According to the technological map.

Comprehensive Console Check and Repair

Table 4.1.

Cast

Conditionsexecutionwork

The work is being done:

1. With the removal of voltage with contact suspension directly from the support or using the appitable staircase of 9 m; with lifting to height; without interruption in the movement of trains.

2. By Alpest, and the order of the Energy Technology.

3. Means, mounting devices, tools, protective equipment and signal accessories:

1. Staircase Powerful 9 m (when working on a conical reinforced concrete support) 1 pc.

2. Rod grounding by the number indicated in the outfit

3. Wrench wrench 2 pcs.

3. Scraper 1 pc

4. "Fishing" Rope 1 pc.

5. Passatias 1 pc.

6. Slot harness hammer 1 pc.

7. Indicator bracket or stancircle with needle "sponges" 1 pc

8. Notepad for writing with written accessories 1 set.

9. Dielectric gloves1 steam.

10. Rule of measuring 1 pc.

11. Belt Safety 2 pcs.

12. Casque protective by the number of performers.

13. Signal vest by number of performers.

14. Signal accessories 1 set.

15. First aid kit 1 set.

Table 4.2.

The rate of time per console in people. h.

Types of jobs	When performing work
	directly	from the palter stairs
Comprehensive status checking and repair:
One-section uninsulated console on intermediate support
Same on the transitional conjugation of anchor sections
Nodes of insulation fastening elements of an isolated console on the support
- two-loop console
Console position adjustment along the path with one carrier cable

Notes:

1. When adjusting the position of the console with suspended cables (wires) more than one. To the norm of time add to each suspension point 0.15 people. h When working with support and 0.24 people. h. - when working with anxious staircase.

2. When checking the condition and repair of the uninterruptible console with a troops rate of time, according to 1.1 times.

3. When checking the condition and repair of a single-section uninsulated console with a reverse fixative rack of time, increased 1.25 times accordingly.

Preparatoryworkandtolerancework

1. On the eve of the work, it is possible to transfer an application for the work with the removal of voltage in the area of \u200b\u200bwork, directly from the support or using anxal staircase of 9 m, with a rise to height, without a break in the movement of trains, indicating the time, place and character of work.

2. Get outfit for the production of works and briefing on behalf of it.

3. In accordance with the results of bypass and traps with inspection, diagnostic tests and measurements, select the necessary materials and parts to replace worn. Check the external inspection of their condition, completeness, quality of manufacture and protective coating, drive threads on all threaded connections and apply a smear on it.

4. Choose mounting devices, protective equipment, signal accessories and tools, check their serviceability and timing of the test. Immerse them, as well as selected materials and parts on the vehicle, arrange delivery along with the brigade to the place of work.

5. Upon arrival in place of work, carry out the current briefing but safety technique with the painting of each in the dress.

6. Get the order of the Energy Council with an indication of the removal of voltage in the area of \u200b\u200bwork, the start time and end of work.

7. Ground the wires and equipment from which the voltage is removed, portable grounding rods on both sides of the place of work in accordance with the outfit.

8. When working on a reinforced concrete conical support, install and secure on the support of the 7 m dormitory staircase.

9. Make admission to the production of work.

2.3 consistent technological process

1. The performer climb to the place of work directly by the support or by the Power Ladder.

2. Check the external inspection The status of the fastening nodes of the fifth and cable console on the support, as well as the attachments of the grounding descent to them. In the presence of mortgage parts on the reinforced concrete support, check the condition of insulating sleeves.

On the pairing of anchor sections of the compensated suspension, check the position and fastening of the traverse on the support.

Pay attention to ensuring hinge mobility in horizontal and vertical planes when moving consoles.

3. Check the distance from the vertex of reinforced concrete support to the cantilever clamp. It must be at least 200 mm. On the support with mortgage parts, the thrust must be attached to the part installed in the second hole.

4. Check if there is, condition and fastening of the pan on the console bracket and on the support. The sink must be in a stretched (compressed) state, slightly loaded. The pitch mount point to the console bracket should be at a distance of no more than 300 mm from the part for fastening the retainer.

5. On isolated consoles to check the condition and repair the assemblies of the attachment of the talar, subproof and brackets of the console on the support (including traverses on the transitional supports of the interchanger sections and insulators in these nodes).

Checking the remaining nodes and elements of the insulated console is carried out under voltage in the process of checking the condition and repair of chain suspension, as well as uninsulant and insulating interferences of the anchor sections, respectively, according to technological maps No. 2.1.1, 2.1.2 and No. 2.2.1.

6. In the two-way console, check the assembly of the console spot, the presence of rollers (rivets) in the transition part places with the console bracket.

Check the adjustment of the tension tension. Both traction must be loaded uniformly, the tension is checked on vibration when the metal object is shred.

7. Check the correctness of the console in the vertical plane. The trunk of curved consoles and the bracket of horizontal consoles should be placed horizontally.

Notes:

1. Checking the status, determination of damage size and the degree of their danger to produce in accordance with the instructions on the maintenance and repair of the supporting structures of the contact set (K-146-96).

2. When checking the state of all elements and nodes of their attachment, reveal the presence of damage: deformations, bundles, cracks and metal corrosion.

Pay special attention to the state of welded joints, the presence of counter nuts and plotting is also to wear elements in the joint nodes; It is evaluated, the state of the protective anti-corrosion coating and determine the need to resume the color.

Weed fastenings tighten, install missing locknuts, replace worn plintes and insulator locks (part K-078), threaded connections to apply anti-corrosion lubricant.

The deformation or displacement of console elements and crepe parts is not allowed.

3. When checking the state of insulators, clean them from contamination. Insulators having stable pollution more yj insulating surface or defects.

Endingwork

1. Disconnect the palter staircase from the support and lower it to the ground.

2. Remove ground rods.

3. Materials, mounting devices, tools, protective equipment and immerse them on a vehicle.

4. Give notification to the ENERGOBER on the end of the work.

5. Return to the ECC production base.

Conclusion

This diploma project produced a mechanical calculation of the contact suspension M-95 + 2 NLFO-100. As a result of these calculations, these loads were obtained on the wires from the wind, ice and their own weight. According to this data, the estimated maximum wind mode was chosen.

Based on the settlement mode, the lengths of the flights on the distance were calculated: 55 m; 70 m; 56 m; 50 m; 66 m. On the task of the graduation design, the plan of the distillation network was built, in which the equipment was selected for the corresponding clause of the current and is reduced to the specification compiled a power supply and partitioning calculations for the following area characteristics:

- Matter height more than 5 meters

Direct plot of driving and curves of various radius;

Recess to 7 meters deep;

In the economic section, the cost of facilities on the contact network on the distance is calculated.

The technological section discusses the issue - dangerous places on the contact network.

In the section of labor protection, technical measures are considered to ensure the safety of work under voltage.

Made: Tracing to ...

Course project

Option-83.

Discipline: "Contact Networks"

"Calculation of a plot of the contact network of the station and distillation"

Performed: student Dobrynin A.I

Checked: Stupitsky V.P.

irkutsk

Initial data.

1. Chain suspension characteristics

On the main paths of the run and the station chain suspension semi-permanent.

With two contact wires, the distance between them is taken equal to 40 mm.

Contact suspension type: M120 + 2 MF - 100;

Current type: permanent;

2. Meteorological conditions

Climatic zone: IIB;

Wind District: I;

Holly region: II;

Hollyode has a cylindrical shape with a density of 900 kg / m 3;

The temperature of the holled formations T \u003d -5 0 s;

The temperature in which the wind of the maximum intensity T \u003d +5 0 C is observed;

3. Station

At the station, all paths are electrified, except for the driveway to the traction substation. Arrows, adjacent to the main path, have a 1/11 brand (for eleven meters of the length of the path accounts for one meter of lateral deviation), the remaining arrows are taken grades 1/9.

The numbers in the diagram indicate the distance from the axis of the passenger building (in meters) to the progress of the arrows, input traffic lights, deadlocks and pedestrian bridges, and also indicate distances between adjacent paths.

4. Distille

The location is specified in the form of a pick-up package: input signals, curves with appropriate radii, bridges and other artificial structures. The compatibility of the station with the station is checked by a fee of the shared input signal.

Picketing of the main objects of distillation

Input signal of a given station 23 km 8 + 42;

The beginning of the curve (center on the left) r \u003d 600 m 2 + 17;

End of curve 5 + 38;

Axis of a stone pipe with a hole 1.1 m 5 + 94;

The beginning of the curve (center right) r \u003d 850 m 7 + 37;

The end of the curve is 25 km 4 + 64;

Bridge across the river with a ride below:

axis of the bridge 7 + 27;

length of the bridge, M 130;

Reinforced concrete pipe axis with a hole 3.5 m 9 + 09;

The beginning of the curve (center left) r \u003d 1000 m 26km 0 + 22;

End of curve 4 + 30;

The input signal of the next station is 27 km 7 + 27;

Axis of moving 6 m 7 + 94 width;

The first arrow of the next station 9 + 55.

1. The height of the bridge over the river is 6.5 m (the distance from the UGR to the lower part of the wind bonds of the bridge);

2. On the right in the course of kilometers is supposed to lay a second path;

3. At a distance of 300 m on both sides of the bridge across the river, the path is located on a mound of 7 m high.

Introduction

The totality of devices ranging from power plant generators and ending with a traction network is the power supply system of electrified railways. From this system, electrical energy is supplied, in addition to its own electric traction (electric carriers and electric trains), as well as all traction railway and consumers of adjacent territories. Therefore, electrification of the railway regards not only the transport problem, but also contributes to solving the most important national economic problem-electrification of the whole country.

The main advantage of electric traction before autonomous (having energy generators on the locomotive itself) is determined by centralized power supply and reduced to the following:

Electrical energy production on large power plants leads to any mass production, to reduce its cost, increase the efficiency and reduced fuel consumption.

In power plants, any kind of fuel can be used and, in particular, small-calorie - non-transportable (the cost of transporting which is not justified). Power plants can be constructed directly from fuel production, as a result of which it disappears its transportation.

For electrical traction, hydropower and energy of nuclear power plants can be used.

With electrical traction, recovery (refund) of energy during electrical braking is possible.

With centralized power supply, power required for electric traction is practically not limited. This makes it possible to consume such capacities in certain periods that cannot be provided on autonomous locomotives, which allows to implement, for example, significantly high speeds of movement on heavy rains at high trains scales.

Electric locomotive (electric locomotive or electric angry), in contrast to autonomous locomotives, has no own energy generators. Therefore, he is cheaper and reliable autonomous locomotive.

On an electric locomotive there are no parts operating at high temperatures and with reciprocating movement (as on the locomotive, diesel locomotive, gas turbovo), which determines the decrease in the cost of repairing the locomotive.

The advantages of electric traction created by centralized power supply, require the construction of a special power supply system for their implementation, the cost of which, as a rule, significantly exceeds the costs of the electro-separation composition. The reliability of the electrified roads depends on the reliability of the power supply system. Therefore, the reliability and efficiency of the power supply system are significantly affected by the reliability and efficiency of the entire electrical railway as a whole.

To supply electricity on the rolling stock, the contact network devices are used.

The project of the contact network is one of the main parts of the project of electrifying the railway station, it is performed in compliance with the requirements and recommendations of a number of guidelines:

Instructions for the development of projects and estimates for industrial construction;

Temporary project development instructions and estimates for railway construction;

Norms of technological design of electrification of railways, etc.

At the same time, the requirements given in the documents regulating the operation of the contact network are taken into account: in the rules for the technical operation of railways, the rules for the content of the contact network of electrified railways.

In this course project, a section of a single-phase DC contact network is calculated. Mounting plans of the contact network station and distillation are compiled.

Contact Network devices include all contact suspension wires that support and fixing structures, supports with parts for mounting in the ground, to the devices of air lines - wires of various lines (feed, sucking, for power supply of automotive contacts and other not traction consumers, etc.) and construction For their fastening on supports.

Devices of the contact network and air lines, exposed to various climatic factors (significant temperature differences, strong winds, iceed formations), must be successfully confronted, providing uninterrupted movement of trains with installed weights, speeds and intervals between trains with the required dimensions of the movement. In addition, under operating conditions, wire breaks, current-acting strikes and other impacts, which also need to be considered during the design process are possible.

The contact network has no reserve, which determines the increased requirements for its design.

When designing a contact network in the section of the Electrification Project of the Railway Station, you set:

Estimated conditions - climatic and engineering and geological;

Type of contact suspension (all calculations to determine the necessary area of \u200b\u200bthe cross section of the contact network wires are performed in the project's power supply section);

The length of the spans between the supports of the contact network on all parts of the track;

Types of supports, ways to fasten them in the ground and types of foundations for those supports that they need;

Types of supporting and fixing structures;

Power and partitioning schemes;

Volumes for installing supports on distinctions and stations;

The main provisions on the organization of construction and operation.

Analysis of the source data

With a double contact wire, the compensated contact suspension is used in areas at a speed of trains moving 120 km / h or more. On the main ways of the station, due to the reduction of speeds, as a rule, use a semi-permanent chain suspension. Based on the data of meteorological conditions, we choose the main climatic parameters that are repeated once every ten years:

Temperature range from Table. 2.c3: -30 0 s ¸ 45 0 s;

Maximum wind speed from table. 5.S14: V norm \u003d 29 m / s;

The thickness of the hole wall from the table. 1.C12: B \u003d 10 mm;

Depending on the operating conditions and the nature of the electrifable area, the necessary correction coefficients for the impact of the wind and the intensity of the ice are selected. For a general case, we accept their values \u200b\u200bof 0.95, 1.0 and 1.25, respectively, for the station, running and mound.

Determining loads operating on the wires of the contact network

For station and distillation.

Calculation of vertical loads

The most unfavorable conditions for the work of individual constructions of the contact network may occur with various combinations of meteorological factors that can be folded from four main components: minimal air temperature, maximum intensity of holled formations, maximum wind speed and maximum air temperature.

Load from its own weight of 1 m pin suspension Determine from the expression:

where - the load from its own weight of the carrier cable, n / m;

The same but contact wire, n / m;

The same, but from strings and clamps, is accepted equal to 1

The number of contact wires.

In the absence of data in the directory, the load on its own weight of the wire can be determined from the expression:

, N / m (2)

where is the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe wire, m 2;

Wire material density, kg / m 3;

Coefficient taking into account the design of the wire (for a solid wire \u003d 1, for a multi-breeding cable \u003d 1.025);

For combined wires (AU, PBSM, etc.), the load on their own weight can be determined from the expression:

where, - the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe wires from materials 1 and 2, m 2;

Density of materials 1 and 2, kg / m 3.

For suspension M120 + 2 MF - 100:

According to the expression (1) we get:

The load on the weight of the ice, which comes to one meter of wire or cable during the cylindrical form of its sediment, we define the formula:

where - the density of ice is 900 kg / m 3;

Wall thickness of the holled layer, m

Wire diameter, m.

Given that the work of 9.81 × 900 × 3.14 \u003d 27.7 × 10 3, you can write:

The estimated value of the thickness of the ice layer is defined as, where - the thickness of the iceed layer in accordance with the holled area B \u003d 10 mm; K G is a coefficient that takes into account the valid diameter of the wire and the height of its hanging. For station and distillation to r \u003d 0.95.

According to expression (5), we define the weight of ice per 1 m carrying cable

The thickness of the holly wall on the contact wire, given its removal of operational personnel and current receivers, decreases by 50% compared with the carrier cable. The estimated diameter of the contact wire is taken away from the height and the width of its cross section:

where H is the height of the cross section of the wire, m; A - width of the cross section of the wire, m;

Using the expression (6) we get:

mm.

Using expression (5) Determine the weight of ice to 1 m of the contact wire

The weight of ice on strings is not taken into account. Then the total weight of the 1 m chain chain suspension with ice will determine by the formula:

where G is the weight of the contact suspension N / M;

g GN - weight of ice per 1 m carrying cable, n / m;

g GK - weight of ice per 1 m contact wire, n / m.

According to expression (7), the total weight of 1 m chain suspension with ice:

Determine horizontal loads.

The wind load on the wire in the maximum wind mode is determined by the formula:

(8)

where the air is at temperatures t \u003d +15 0 with and atmospheric pressure 760 mm Hg. It is taken equal to 1.23 kg / m 3;

v p - the estimated wind speed, m / s; V p \u003d 29 m / s.

With x - aerodynamic windshield coefficient, depending on the form and position of the surface of the object, for the station and distillation with x \u003d 1.20 for one wire with x \u003d 1.25;

To in - the coefficient, taking into account the valid diameter of the wire and the height of its hanging. For station and distillation to B \u003d 0.95.

d i - wire diameter (for contact wires - vertical section size), mm.

Wind load on the wire in the presence of ice on the wire we define the formula:

where - the estimated wind speed with ice (according to Table 1.4), m / s;

To determine on the pin wire, the value is taken equal to b / 2.

Determine the resulting loads on the N / T for two modes.

Resulting load on a separate wire in the absence of ice:

If you have ice:

Practitioner calculation

Calculation of tension of wires

The maximum allowable tension of the carrier cable is determined by the formula

where - the coefficient, taking into account the variation of the mechanical characteristics of individual wires, 0.95;

Temporary resistance to the rupture of the wire material, Pa;

Reserve coefficient;

S - Regular cross-sectional area, m2.

Maximum allowable and nominal tension for wires in Table 10.

Determination of the maximum allowable lengths of the span

where k is the tension of the contact wire, H;

Equivalent load on the contact wire from the carrier cable, n / m.

where is the allowable deviation of the contact wire from the path axis. On a straight section of 0.5 m, on a 0.45 m curve;

Zigzagi contact cause on adjacent supports. At the direct portion of the path +/- 0.3 m. On the +/- 0.4 m curve.

The deflection of the support under the influence of wind at the level of the carrier cable and the contact wire. These values \u200b\u200b(depending on the wind speed) are shown on page 48.

Zigzag contact wire, the same largest in neighboring supports.

We will take zigzags on adjacent supports on the straight area directed in one direction, and on the curve in different.

where - the tension of the carrier cable in the wind mode of maximum intensity, N;

The length of the span, m;

The height of the garlands of insulators. In the project we accept 4 PS-70s. The height of one cup is 0.127 m.

The average length of the string in the middle of the span with a structural height of H0, m.

Calculation for the direct port area at the station (sideways):

The resulting length differs from the previous calculation in less than 5 m, and therefore it can be considered finally accepted.

On the curve section of the path, the maximum permissible length of the span is determined from the expression:

The calculation of the maximum permissible length of the span is performed:

For a direct section: Station (main and side path) and distillation (plain and mound);

For the crooked area: on the distance for the plain and the mound at the specified radii of curvature.

The resulting length differs from the previous calculation in less than 5 m, and therefore it can be considered finally accepted.

All calculations are reduced to the table

Place of calculation	Span length without p	Sleep length with p e	The final length of the spanlet
1. Direct station and distillation	51.2	49.6	50
2. Straight distillation on mound	45.2	43.8	45
3. Curve R 1 \u003d 600m	37.8	37.3	37
4. Curve R 2 \u003d 850m	42.3	41.8	42
5. Curve R 3 \u003d 1000m	44.4	43.8	44
6. Curve R 6 \u003d 850m on mound	42.0	41.4	42
7. Curve R 5 \u003d 1000 m on mound	44.07	43.4	44
7. Curve R4 \u003d 600 m on mound	37.5	37.1	37

The procedure for drawing up a station and distillation plan

The procedure for drawing up the station plan.

Preparation of the station plan. The station plan is drawn on 1: 1000 scale on a sheet of millimeter paper. The required length of the sheet is determined in accordance with the specified station of the station, which shows the distances of all the centers of shooting transfers, traffic lights, deadlocks from the axis of the passenger building in meters. At the same time, we conclude these marks on the left side with a minus sign, and the right with a plus sign.

Distributing the plan of the station is starting with the markup by thin vertical lines, every 100 meters of conditional station pickets in both directions from the axis of the passenger building taken for the zero picket. Ways on the station plan represent their axes. On the arrow of the paths of the paths intersect at the point called the center of the arrow translating. Using the data on a given station scheme, we apply parallel lines of the path axis, while the distance between them must correspond to the scale to the specified interface.

On the plan of the station also show not electrified paths. By specifying special deposits, the picket marks of the arrow transfers centers, draw the shooting streets and congresses. Further on the station plan we apply buildings, pedestrian bridge, passenger platforms, traction substation, entrance traffic lights, moving.

The placement of places where the fixation of contact wires is needed.

The breakdown of the supports at the station is starting with the placement of places where it is necessary to provide devices for fixing the contact wires. These places are all the arrow transfers over which air arrows must be mounted and all the places where the wire should change its direction.

On single air arrow, the best location of the contact wires forming the arrow is obtained if the fixing device is set at a certain distance from from the center of the arrow translation. The shift of the fixing supports is allowed to the center of the arrow translating to 1 - 2 meters and from the center of the arrow translation by 3-4 meters. At the top of the curve, the fixing support is planned by the picket of this vertex, while the zigzag in this support is always negative.

Opportuning supports in the necks of the station

The breakdown of the supports at the station is starting with the neck, where the largest number of locations of contact wires are focused. From the intended locations of fixation, we produce the choice of those places where rationally establish bearing supports. At the same time, the actual lengths of the spans should not exceed the calculated lengths and the difference in the lengths of the adjacent spans should be no more than 25% of the length of them. In addition, the supports on the two-way areas should be placed in one piscuit. If the installation of only carrier supports leads to a significant reduction in pickets, then the possibility of performing a part of the air arrows is not fixed.

Unfigled air arrows can be made only on the side of the sides, on the supports located in the challenge (up to 20 m) from the arrow translation.

By selecting the sizes of the spans between the supports by the main paths fixing the main paths, proceed to the base of the supports on the following stations arrows, given the requirements for the lengths of the spans listed above. At the fixing supports we arrange zigzags.

Opportion of supports in the middle part of the station.

If there is an artificial construction within the station, we choose the way to pass the contact suspension through these structures. In accordance with the adopted method, we plan the place of installation of the supports from the passenger building. After that, on the remaining parts of the station, if possible, applying the maximum permissible spans, we occupy the places for supporting rigid crossbars.

The passage of the suspension under artificial structures at the station.

Artificial structures are found on the distillations and stations of the electrified line, often do not allow to pass a normal-type chain suspension with conventional dimensions.

The method of passage of the contact wire under artificial structures is chosen depending on the voltage in the contact network, the height of the artificial structure over the level of the rail head (UGR), lengths along the electrified paths, the installed train speed of the trains.

Placing the contact wire under artificial structures with limited dimensions is associated with the solution of two main tasks:

1. Contracting the necessary air gaps between contact wires and grounded parts of artificial structures;

2. Selection of material, design and method for fixing supporting devices.

The cross section of the contact wire within the artificial structures should be equal to the contact wire section on the adjacent areas, for which the necessary cases are mounted in the necessary cases that replenish the cross section of NT and reinforcing wires.

The slopes of the contact wire at the approaches to the artificial structure are established by the conditions for the interaction of the current receiver and the contact wire, depending on the maximum speed of movement and the parameters of the contact suspension and the current collector.

The minimum magnitude of the vertical space required to accommodate the conductive elements of the contact network when the suspension passage in the constricted conditions of existing artificial structures is 100mm. When suspension without NT and 250mm. with NT.

In cases where, at normal voltage in the contact network, it is impossible to place the contact suspension in the conditions of the required overall distances for this voltage, within the artificial structures, an isolated contact suspension with a device on both sides of neutral inserts is mounted. Trains in this case are carried out through an artificial structure with a shown current, inertia.

In all cases, when the distance from the wires of the contact suspension to the grounded parts of artificial structures located above it are at the most not favorable conditions less than 500mm. With constant current and 650mm. With alternating current or there is any possibility of supporting the contact suspension wires to parts of artificial structures.

neutral element

650 and less

bark

insulators

Breakdown of anchor sites

After the arrangement of the supports along the entire length of the station we make a breakdown of anchor sites and finally choose the installation site of the anchor supports.

When breaking the anchor sites, the following requirements and conditions must be performed:

The number of anchor sites should be minimally possible. In this case, the length of the anchor region should not exceed 1600 meters;

In some anchor sections, we allocate lateral paths and congresses between the main ways;

For anchoring, it is desirable to use previously intended intermediate supports;

With anchoring, the wire should not change its direction at an angle of more than 7 0;

If the length of the side path is more than 1600 meters, it should be divided into two anchor sites, and in the middle, it is not an insulating pairing.

The length of several spans located approximately in the middle of the anchor area we reduce 10% relative to the maximum in this place to place the middle anchor.

Opportion of support at the ends of the station. According to the installed key partitioning scheme in places of distillation to the stations, we carry out the longitudinal partitioning. Insulating four span pairing is mounted between the input signal and the station closest to distillation, if possible, on direct portions of the path. At the same time, each transitional span reducing 25% of the calculated; Transitional supports on the first and second path shift relative to each other by 5 meters.

The approximation of the transition support to the input traffic light is allowed at a distance of at least 5 meters.

After the arrangement of the supports under the insulating pairing, we divide the span between the extreme arrow and the pairing then we put the zigzags whose direction should be consistent.

In the presence of a support station at the station, we have so that the distance from the edge of the carriage of moving along the train to the supports was at least 25 meters.

To perform cross-partitioning from the power supply and partitioning scheme, we transfer all sectional insulators and perform their numbering, and on the transverse rigid cables, we show mortise insulators between sections that are isolated from each other.

As the main type of supporting structures of the contact network at stations, rigid crossbars should be taken, overlapping from two to eight ways. If more than eight paths are allowed to use flexible crossing.

Power and partitioning of the contact network

Description of the power and partitioning scheme. On electrified railways, the electro-separating composition receives electricity through the contact network from traction substations located at such a distance from each other to ensure reliable protection against short circuit currents.

In the DC system, electricity to the contact network comes alternately from two phases with a voltage of 3.3 kV and also returned along the rail chain to the third phase. Power alternation is produced for aligning the loads of individual phases of the power supply system.

As a rule, a two-way power scheme is used, in which each locomotive located on the line receives energy from two traction substations. The exception is the plots of the contact network located at the end of an electrified line, where the scheme of console (single-sided) nutrition can be applied from the extreme traction substation and partitioning posts along the electrified line of insulating pairing and each section receives electricity from different feeds (longitudinal partitioning).

With longitudinal partitioning, except for the separation of the contact network, each traction substation and partitioning service is distinguished, the contact network of each distillation and the station using insulating pairs to separate sections. Sections are connected to sectional disconnectors among themselves, each of the sections can be disabled by these disconnectors. Through the FL1 contact network feeder, it feeds from the west side of the station for insulating pairing, which shares the main paths of the station from the air interval.

Sectional disconnectors with motor drives of TU and Du are installed on the feeders normally closed.

Through feeder FL2 east of the station is powered. Sectional disconnectors with motor drives of TU and Du are installed on the feeders normally closed.

The main routes of the station are powered through feeder FL31. Equipped with a sectional disconnector with a motor actuator TU and DU, normally closed.

Disconnectors A, combine stationary paths and distillation, with motor drives to that, are normally included. When cross-parting at stations, the path network of the paths of the paths are isolated into individual sections and nourish them from the main paths through section disconnectors, which can be disabled if necessary. Sections of the contact network on the respective congresses between the main and side paths are isolated by sectional insulators. This achieves an independent meal of each path and each section separately, which facilitates the protection device and makes it possible if one of the sections are damaged or disconnected by one of the sections.

Tracing feed and sucking lines

The routes of feeding and sucking lines from the traction substation to electrifier paths are designing for the crossed distance. For anchoring of lines at the building of the traction substation and paths, we use reinforced concrete supports.

Air-powered and suction lines running along the station hang from the field side of the contact network support. To transfer the supply lines through ways, we use rigid crossbars, on which T - shaped structures are mounted.

Contact Network Tracing

Preparation of the distinguished plan. The range of the run is performed on a sheet of millimeter paper on a scale of 1: 2000 (sheet width 297 mm). The required length of the sheet is determined based on the predetermined distance length, taking into account the scale of the desired reserve (800 mm) in the right part of the drawing to place the general data in the main inscription and accept the multiple standard size of 210 mm.

Depending on the number of paths on the distance on the plan, draw one or two straight lines (at a distance of 1 cm from each other), representing the tract axes.

Pickets on the distillation are placed by vertical lines every 5 cm (100 m) and number them in the direction of the kilometers account, starting with the peak of the input signal specified in the task.

If a four-time insulating pairing of the station's contact suspension and distillation, located to the input signal, when tracing a contact network of the station in the right neck, turned out to be repetition, the picket numbers need to be started in 2-3 pickets to a predetermined input picket. Above and below direct lines representing the paths of paths, along the entire range, we place data in the form of tables. Under the bottom table, draw a hidden line plan.

Taking advantage of the placed pickets, in accordance with the task on the project plan on the paths show artificial structures, and on the right plan of the line show kilometer signs, direction, radius and length of the path of the path, the boundaries of high embankments and deep recesses, repeat the image of artificial structures.

The pickets of artificial structures, signals, curve, embankment, and the excavations are denoted in the graph "Picketing of artificial structures" of the bottom table in the form of a fraction, the numerator of which denotes the distance in meters to one picket, the denominator to another. In sum, these numbers should be equal to 100, since the distance between two normal pickets is 100 m.

Breakdown of distillation on anchor sections. The arrangement of the supports start with the transfer to the range of supports of the insulating pairing of the station, to which the distillation is adjacent. The location of these supports on the range should be linked to their location on the station plan. We carry out the link in the input signal, which is marked and on the plan of the station, and on the range of the range as follows: determine the distance between the signal and the support of the label on the station plan. This distance is added (or take away) to the pilot mark of the signal and get a picket layer of the support. Then we postpone from this support the length of the next spans indicated on the plan of the station, and we obtain the picker marks of the insulating pairing supports on the range. Picial stamps of the supports in the Count Picket "Picket" bottom table. After that, draw the insulating pairing, because it is shown on the station plan, and placing the zigzags of the contact wire.

Next, we plan anchor sections of the contact network and the approximate location of the places of their conjugations. After that, in the middle of anchor sites, we plan an approximate location of medium anchoring places with that. In order to reduce the supports of the spills with the average anchoring compared with the maximum calculated length on this area of \u200b\u200bthe drill.

Anchoring anchor suspension areas, it is necessary to proceed from the following considerations:

· The number of anchor sites on the distance should be minimal;

· The maximum length of the anchor section of the contact wire on direct is received by no more than 1600 m;

· In areas with the curves of the length of the anchor section, decrease depending on the radius and the location of the curve;

If the curve in length is not more than half the length of the anchor section (800 m) and is located at one end or in the middle of the anchor site, the length of such an anchor area can be taken equal to the average length allowed for a direct and curve of this radius.

At the end of the run, there should be four transit insulating pairing separating the distillation and the following station; Supports of such a conjugation are already applied to the plan of the station and the distillation plan is not taken into account. Sometimes in the source data, part of the run is set to design, limited by the next four transit insulating pairing. Supports of such a pairing belong to the range of the distillation.

The approximate location of the supports of the mating of anchor sites mark on the plan by vertical lines, the distance between which on the scale is approximately equal to the three permissible paths for the corresponding portion of the paths. Then we plan any conditional sign of the location of the spans with an average anchoring and only after that go to the arrangement of the supports.

Opportuning supports on the distance. The layout of the supports is made by spans, if possible, equal to the appropriate section of the path and terrain, obtained as a result of calculations of the lengths of the spans.

Iconference installation places. It should immediately bring their package to the appropriate graph, between the supports to indicate the lengths of the spans, to show zigzags of contact wires near the supports arrows.

In direct areas of the zigzag path (0.3 m), they must be alternately directed at each of the supports in one, then in the other side of the path axis, starting with the zigzag anchor support, transferred from the station's contact network plan. On the curves of the paths of the contact wires give zigzags in the direction from the center of the curve.

In the places of transition from the direct portion of the path to the Zigzag Wire Curve, the support installed on the direct portion of the path may be unrelated with the zigzag of the wire in the support installed on the curve. In this case, it is necessary to slightly reduce the length of one - two spans on the direct portion of the path, and in some cases, the span partially located on the curve so that one of these supports can be placed to place the pin wire above the axis of the path (with a zero zigzag), and Related support with her make a zigzag of the contact wire in the desired side.

The zigzags of the contact wire in adjacent supports located on the direct and curve sections of the path can be considered linked if most of the span is located on the direct portion of the path and the zigzags of the contact wire at the supports are made in different directions or most of the span is located on the curve of the path and zigzags are made on the curve one way.

The lengths of the spans, located partially on direct and partially on the curves of the paths, can be taken equal to or slightly large than the permissible lengths of the spans for the curves of the paths of the path. When breakdown, the difference in the length of two adjacent spans semi-perched suspension should not exceed 25% of the length of a larger span.

In areas where ice-shaped formations are often observed and self-oscillations of wires may occur, the breakdown of the supports should be carried out by alternating spans, one of which is equal to the maximum permissible, and the other is 7-8 m less. At the same time, avoiding the frequency of alternation of the spans.

Sleeps with medium anchors should be reduced: with a semi-permanent suspension - one span by 10%, and with compensated - two spans by 5% of the maximum calculated length in this place.

Selection of supporting devices

1. Selection of consoles.

Currently, uninsulated direct oblique consoles are used in the AC sections.

The conditions for using uninsulated consoles in areas with a thickness of ice to 20 mm and wind speed up to 36 m / s in the AC sections are shown in the table

Table

Type of support	Place Installation			Console type with envelope supports
				3,1-3,2		3,2-3,4	3,4-3,5
Intermediate	Straight			NR-1-5
	Curve			NS-1-6.5
	Inner side		R.<1000 м
			R\u003e 1000 m
	Outer side		R.<600 м	NR-1-5
			R\u003e 600 m
Transitive	Straight				NR-1-5
	Support A.	Working
		Ankrible			NS-1-5
	Support B.	Working			NR-1-5
		Ankrible			NS-1-5

Console marking: HP-1-5- a non-insulated inclined console with a stretched pull, bracket from channels No. 5, the length of the bracket is 4730 mm.

NS-1-5- Uninsulated console with a compressed burden, bracket from channels No. 5, the length of the bracket is 5230 mm.

2. Selection of clamps

The selection of clamps produce depending on the type of consoles and the location of their installation, and for transitional supports, taking into account the location of the working and ankusable branches of the suspension relative to the support. In addition, they take into account that the retainer is intended for.

In the designations of typical locks, the letters of the f- retainer, the p-direct, opposite, and the contact wire of the ankurptable branch, are flexible. In the marking there are numbers characterizing the lengths of the main rod.

The selection of clamps is reduced to the table.

Table

Appointment of clamps.			Types of fixators with dimensions of supports, m
			3,1-3,2	3,2-3,3	3,4-3,5
Intermediate supports	Straight	Zigzag to the support	FP-1
		Zigzag from support	FO-II.
	External side of Krivoy	R \u003d 300 m	FG-2.
		R \u003d 700 m	UFP-2
		R \u003d 1850 m	FP-II.
	The inner side of the curve	R \u003d 300 m	UFO2-I.
		R \u003d 700 m	UFO-I.
		R \u003d 1850 m	FOII- (3.5)
Transitional supports	Straight	Working	FPI-I.
	Support A.
		Ankrible	FAI-III
	Support B.	Working	Foys-III
		Ankrible	FAI-IV.

3. Choosing hard cross.

When choosing hard drive, first of all determine the required length of rigid crossbar.

L "\u003d g 1 + g 2 + σ m + d OP + 2 * 0.15, m

Where: g 1, g 2 - the dimensions of the proportion, m

ΣM- Total width of interputions overlapped by crossbar, m

d OP \u003d 0.44 M - Diameter of Support in Rail Head Damage

2 * 0.15 m - Construction tolerance for the installation of supports crossing.

The choice of hard crossbreaks in the table

Table

4. Selection of supports

The most important characteristic of the support is their carrying ability - the permissible bending moment M 0 in the level of the conditional cutting of the foundation. For carrying capacity and pick up the types of supports for use in specific installation conditions.

Select the supports in the table

Table

Place Installation	Type of support	Brand stand
Straight	Intermediate	SO-136,6-1.
	Transitive	SO-136.6-2.
	Anchor	SO-136,6-3.
Under the tight crossbar (from 3-5 paths)	Intermediate	SO-136.6-2.
Under the tight crossbar (from 5-7 ways)	Intermediate	SO-136,6-3.
Under the tight crossbar (from 5-7 ways)	Anchor	SO-136.7-4
Curve	R.<800 м	SO-136,6-3.

Mechanical calculation of the anchor segment of semi-perched suspension

To calculate, choose one of the anchor sites of the main path of the station. The main purpose of the mechanical calculation of the chain suspension is the compilation of mounting curves and tables. Perform calculation in the following sequence:

1. Determine the estimated equivalent span by the formula:

where L i is the length of the i - th spill, m;

L A - the length of the anchor, m;

n is the number of flights.

Equivalent span for the first distillation area:

2. Set the initial calculation mode at which the largest tension of the carrier cable is possible. To do this, we determine the magnitude of the critical span.

(17)

where Z Max is the maximum suspension tension, H;

W g and W t min - the lined linear loads on the suspension, respectively, with ice with wind and at a minimum temperature, N / m;

The temperature coefficient of linear expansion of the carrier cable material 1/0 S.

The given values \u200b\u200bof z x and W x for the "X" mode calculate according to the formulas:

, N;

, N / m;

in the absence of horizontal loads q x \u003d g x, the expression takes the form:

, N / m;

with the complete absence of additional loads G x \u003d g 0 and then the reduced load will be determined by the formula:

N / m; (eighteen)

Here g x, q x is, respectively, the vertical and the resulting load on the carrier cable in the "X" mode, n / m;

K - the tension of the contact wire (wires), N;

T 0 - the tension of the carrier cable under the leverage position of the contact wire, H;

j X is a chain suspension coefficient determined by the formula:

The magnitude "C" in the expression means the distance from the axis of the support to the first simple string (for suspension with a spring cable usually 8-10 m).

In semi-permanent chain suspension, the contact wire has the ability to move when it changes its length within the anchor segment due to compensation. The carrier cable can also be considered as a freely fixed wire, since the rotation of the garlands of insulators and the use of swivel consoles give it a similar possibility.

For freely suspended wires, the initial calculation mode is determined by the comparison of the equivalent L e< L кр, то максимальное натяжение несущего троса T max ,будет при минимальной температуре, а если L э > L kr, then T MAX tension will occur when ice with wind. Checking the correctness of the selection of the starting mode is carried out by comparing the resulting load at the ice of the Q GG with the critical load Q of Kr

The tension of the carrier cable with the leverage position of the contact wire is determined under the condition when J x \u003d 0 (for spring suspensions), by the formula:

(19)

Here, the values \u200b\u200bwith the index "1" refer to the maximum tension of the carrier cable, and with the index "0" - to the modulus mode of the contact wire. The index "H" refers to the material of the carrier cable, for example, E N is the modulus of elasticity of the material of the carrier cable.

5. The tension of the unloaded carrier cable is determined by similar expression:

(20)

Here g n is the load from its own weight of the carrier cable, n / m.

The value of A 0 is equal to the value A 1 therefore, calculate A 0 there is no need. Setting the different values \u200b\u200bof T Px, the temperatures T x are determined. According to the calculations, we will build assembly curves

The arrows of the unloaded carrier cable at TX temperatures in the real spans Li anchor area:

Fig. 3 arrows of the unloaded carrier cable in real spans

7. The arrows of the carrier cable F xi in the span L i are calculated from the expression:

; (22)

in the absence of additional loads (ice, wind) q x \u003d g x \u003d g, so the reduced load in the case under consideration:

; ;

Fig. 4 arrows of a loaded carrier cable

Calculations of the tension of the carrier cable under modes with additional loads, where the values \u200b\u200bwith the index X refer to the desired mode (ice with wind or wind maximum intensity). The results obtained are applied to the schedule.

8. Arrow Provision of the contact wire and its vertical movement in supports for real spans is determined according to the formulas:

, (23)

where ;

Here b 0i is the distance from the carrier cable to the spring cable against the support with the leverage position of the contact wire for the real span, m;

H 0 - the tension of the spring cable, usually take H 0 \u003d 0.1T 0.

(24)

Fig. 6 arrows of contact wire in real spans with additional loads

Choosing a way to pass the contact suspension in artificial facilities

At the station:

Pass of the contact suspension under artificial structures, the width of the coils is no more interpreting distance (2-12m), incl. Under pedestrian bridges, can be carried out according to one of three ways:

Artificial construction is used as a support;

The contact suspension is passed without fastening to an artificial construct;

The carrying cable includes isolated insert, which is attached to an artificial construction.

To select one of the ways it is necessary to perform the relevant condition:

For the first case:

where is the distance from the level of the rail heads to the lower edge of the artificial structure;

The minimum allowable height of contact wires above the level of rail heads;

The greatest arright of contact wires in front of the carrier cable;

The minimum distance between the carrier cable and the contact wire in the middle of the span;

The maximum arrow of the carrier cable;

The length of the garland of insulators:

The minimum arrow of the carrier cable;

Part of the arrow of the carrier cable at a minimum temperature at a distance from the greatest approximation to the artificial construction to the middle of the span;

The rise of the carrier cable under the influence of a current collector at a minimum temperature;

The minimum permissible distance between current and grounded parts;

The permissible distance from the contact wire to the bump.

According to the results of this calculation, we conclude that for the passage of the contact suspension under the pedestrian bridge with a height of 8.3 meters, in our case, it is necessary to use the third method: the isolated insert is crashed into the carrier cable, which is attached to the bridge.

On the ran.

The contact suspension on the bridges with a ride and low wind bonds is passed down with the fastening of the carrier cable for special structures, installed above wind ties. The contact wire is passed with the fastening under wind bonds with a reduced span length to 25 m. The height of the structure is selected from expressions:

For semi-permanent suspension:

Bibliography

1. Marcvardt K. G., Vlasov I. I. Contact Network. - M.: Transport, 1997.- 271c.

2. Frayefeld A.V. Designing a contact network. - M.: Transport, 1984, -397c.

3. Handbook on the power supply of railways. / Edited by K.G. Marquardt - M.: Transport, 1981. - T. 2-392c.

4. Norms of design of the contact network (EAS 141 - 90). - M.: Mintranstroy, 1992. - 118C.

5. Contact Network. Task for a course project with guidelines-M-1991-48C.

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Introduction

On electrified lines, the electro-moving composition is powered by a contact network from traction substations located at such a distance between them so that a stable rated voltage on the electrically metropolitan composition and has been protected from short circuit currents.

The contact network is the most responsible component of electrified railways. The contact network should ensure reliable and uninterrupted supply of electricity of rolling stock in any climatic conditions. The contact network devices are designed in such a way that they do not limit the speed set by the train schedule, and ensured a uninterrupted current consumption with extreme air temperatures, during the highest icehead on the wires and at the maximum wind speed in the area where the road is located. The contact network, in contrast to all other devices, the traction power supply system has no reserve. Therefore, high demands are presented to the contact network, both to improve the designs and the quality of installation work and careful content under operation.

The contact network is a contact suspension located in the correct position relative to the path axis using supporting, fixing devices, which in turn are fixed on support structures.

The contact suspension in turn consists of a carrier cable and connected to it by means of the strings of the contact wire (or two contact wires).

On the main ways, depending on the category of the line, as well as at the station paths, where the speed of movement of trains does not exceed 70 km / h, a semi-permanent chain suspension (KS-70) should be used with the vertical strings from supports to 2--3 m vertical strings and articulated clamps.

At the main and receiving-sending paths, which provides for non-stop passing of trains at a speed of up to 120 km / h, a semi-permanent Suspension Suspension of KS-120 or compensated for CS-140 is used.

On the main paths of the distillers and stations at the speed of movement of trains more than 120 (up to 160), km / h is used, as a rule, compensated for a spring suspension with one or two contact wires KS-160. On the current electrified lines, it is allowed to upgrade or reconstruct the operation of semi-perched Suspension of KS-120 with articulated locks and compensated Suspension of KS-140 - 160 km / h.

On the railways of the Russian Federation there are several types of main contact suspension, each suspension is selected for different working conditions (speed, current loads, climatic and other local conditions) on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options. At the same time, it is taken into account possible in the future to increase the speeds and the size of the movement of trains and the mass of freight trains.

Supports of the contact network depending on the purpose and nature of the loads perceived from the contact suspension wires, are separated into intermediate, transition, anchor and fixing.

Intermediate supports perceive the load from the mass of the wires of contact suspension and additional loads on them (ice, frost) and horizontal loads from the wind pressure on the wires and from changing the direction of the wires on the curves of the path sections.

Transitional supports are installed in the places of conjugation of the anchor sections of contact suspension and air arrows and perceive the loads similar to intermediate supports, but from two contact suspensions. Efforts also affect the transitional supports from changing the direction of wires when taking them to anchoring and on the shooting curve.

Anchor supports can only perceive the loads from the tension of the wires fixed on them or, in addition, carry the same loads as intermediate, transient or fixing supports.

Fixing supports do not carry loads from the mass of wires and perceive only horizontal loads from changing the direction of wires on the curves of the paths of the path, on the air arrows, during the waste to the anchoring and from the wind pressure on the wires.

By type fixed on the supports of supporting devices, the contact network is distinguished:

Console supports with mounting on the contact suspension console of one, two or more ways;

Supports with rigid crossbar, or, as they are called, bolting or portal, with the fastening of contact suspension of electrifier paths on a rigid crossbar (Rigers);

Supports with flexible crossing with the fastening on it of contact suspensions overlapped by this cross-shifted pathways.

For the trace of the contact network on one-section and two-step areas (distillations), string concrete conical supports are used with a height of 13.6 m and the thickness of the concrete of 60 mM type C for the modes of AC and CO for DC sections. Recently, the SS supports are introduced on constant and alternating current (Fig. 1).

The racks of these supports are hollow conical shameless pipes from pre-stressed reinforced concrete with high-strength wire reinforcement. Transverse reinforcement is made in the form of a spiral. To prevent the length of the longitudinal reinforcement when unscrewing the helix along the length of the racks, the installation of mounting rings is provided.

At the bottom of the supports, mixed reinforcement is provided - i.e. With the installation of additional rods of unwired reinforcement: in supports with a rack height of 10.8 m 2 meters from the bottom of the support, the support of 13.6 m height is 4 meters. Mixed reinforcement increases the crack resistance of the supports.

The most important characteristic of the support is their carrying capacity - the permissible bending moment M0 at the level of the conditional circumcision - UOF, which is 500 mm below the level of the rail head (UGR). For carrying ability, types of supports for use in specific installation conditions are selected.

Picture 1

Reinforced concrete racks have holes: in the upper part - for mortgage parts of the supports, in the bottom - for ventilation (to reduce the effect of the temperature of the outer and internal surfaces).

For the installation of reinforced concrete supports, GAC-6 and DS-10 types are used. The foundations of DS consist of two main constructive parts: upper - glass and lower - foundation. The upper part is a reinforced glass of rectangular sections. The lower part of the foundations of DS has a foreign cross section. Matching the top of the foundation with the lower foreign part is made in the form of a pyramidal cone.

To secure the detension of the anchor reinforced concrete supports in the ground, the Da-4.5 alkalis are used in the soil. Anchors are made of the same sizes as the foundation of DS, but without a piece of part. To secure the delay in the upper part of the anchor, lamprails are laid.

The grounding of the contact network support is made by individual grounding conductors attached to traction rails using spark gaps, as well as a group grounding cable for supports behind the platform.

The choice of supports start, as a rule, with the calculation and selection of supports for the path curves, because These installation conditions are the most burdened, especially in small radius curves.

To calculate, it is necessary to make a settlement scheme, showing it all the forces acting on the support, and the shoulders of these forces regarding the intersection point of the support axis with WOF. The calculation of the total bending of moments at the base of the supports is determined for the three calculated modes according to regulatory loads: in the idol modes with the wind, the maximum wind, the minimum temperature. The largest of the received moments and choose support for installation.

To maintain wires at a specified level from the rail head, supporting devices - brackets with rods called consoles that are classified:

By the number of overlapping paths - -ppunted, in accordance with Figure 2 (A, B, B); two-way, in accordance with Figure 2 (g, d); In some cases, three-step;

In form - straight, curved, inclined;

The presence of insulation is uninsulated and isolated.

Figure 2 - Contact Network Console: A - Curved Inclined Console; b - direct oblique console; B is a straight horizontal; G is a two-way horizontal with one fixative counter; d - two-way horizontal with two fixative racks; 1 - bracket; 2 - thrust; 3 - support; 4 - fixing rack

The consoles used to fasten the wires of the chain contact suspension, as a rule, choose single-open - eliminate mechanical communication with other suspension. By degree of insulation, they can be uninsulated from the support of the contact network, and isolated. By the layout of the bracket there are inclined, curved and horizontal consoles. Inclined insulated consoles regardless of the dimensions of the support are equipped with a pink.

When tracing a contact network, the type of consoles are chosen depending on the type of support device (console support, rigid cross), dimensions, installation sites (direct plot, internal or outer side of the curve) and the assignment of support (intermediate, transitional), and also acting on the load console . When selecting console devices for transitional support, it is necessary to take into account the type of interface of the anchor sections of contact suspension, the location of the working and ankusable branches of the suspension relative to the support and which of the branches is attached to this console.

The console consists of a bracket, thrust and pier; It is attached to the support hinged with a height and is held on the support with thrust. The heels of consoles and the thrust may be swivel and non-reflective; Consoles also have swivel knots are called swivels. Console thrust depending on the direction of the application of loads can be stretched and compressed.

Single consoles can be: uninsulated when insulators are located between the carrier cable and bracket and in the lock; Isolated, in accordance with Figure 4, when the insulators are mounted in the bracket, traction and pitch at the support; Insulated with enhanced (double) insulation, in which insulators are available both in the bracket, traction and boosts at the supports and between the carrier cable and the bracket.

In recent years, installed isolated (Fig. 3) or uninsulated dual direct oblique consoles (Fig. 4) with normal and enlarged dimensions, the bracket of which has a direct shape and consists of two channels with connecting plars or pipes.

Figure 3 - Isolated oblique Single Single Console: 1 - Krostein; 2 - thrust (stretched); 3 - adjusting plate; 4 - Bougiel with a lamellar earring; 5 - thrust (compressed); 6 - adjusting pipe; 7 - fixative bracket; 8 - troops

Figure 4 - Uninsulated direct oblique consoles: 1 - adjustable insert; 2 - Console traction; 3 - Bougiel; 4 - straight bracket; 5 - fixative brackets; 6 - Locks

Dynamic resistance to the pressure receiver is achieved by a more advanced contact suspension design. The verticality of the KS-200 suspension with a fixed position relative to the axis of the carrier cable path provides greater wind and dynamic stability than traditional suspension for fastening the carrier cable of the main routes with a zigzag corresponding to the contact wire zigzag; Isolated horizontal with a subproof console from steel galvanized or aluminum pipes with fixing the carrier cable in a rotary base saddle suspended on a horizontal console rod. The design of the consoles is designed for dimensions of 3.3--3.5 m; 4.9 m; 5.7 m and provides convenience, speed and accuracy of their assembly. Additional locks - from aluminum profile, without wind strings; Racks of articulated locks - steel, galvanized. One-way insulated console of compensated contact suspension of the main paths on the distillations and stations is installed on the supports or on rigid crossbars on cantilever racks.

Figure 5 - non-rizonal isolated console

For the AC contact network, the insulated console is usually used, and for the DC contact network - uninsulated.

Direct inclined uninsulated consoles from two channels are denoted by the letters of HP (H - inclined, P is a stretched thrust) or ns (C - compressed thrust), from the pipe - the HTR letters (T - tubular) and NTS.

The insulated consoles from the pipe indicate the ITR (and - isolated) or ITS, and from the channels - isa or ir. The Roman number indicates a number of the console's length of the bracket, the Arabic numbers on the number of the channel from which the console bracket is made, the letter P is for the presence of a tower, the letter y-for enhanced isolation. Inclined insulated consoles regardless of type and dimensions supports must be equipped with pan.

In multipurpose areas of the railway (trading), as well as in the case of the installation of supports with an increased dimension in the grooves behind the cuvette, are used hard cross. Rigid crossbreaks (riglels) are metal farms with parallel belts and a split triangular lattice with spacers in each node. To enhance in nodes, another struts are set diagonally. Separate farm blocks are joined with an angular steel overlays (welded or bolted). Depending on the number of paths overlapped with rigid crossbars, they can have a length of 16.1 to 44.2 m and collected from two, three and four blocks. Rigid crossbars with a calculated length of more than 29.1 m, on which the searchlights are installed to illuminate the routes of stations, are equipped with flooring and peril fence. Rigels of rigid crossbar of frame type are installed on reinforced concrete racks of type C and SA with a length of 13.6 m and 10.8 m.

The devices by which the contact wires are held in the horizontal plane in the required position relative to the path axis (the axis of the current collector) are called clamps.

On the main paths of the distillers and stations and receptions, where the speed of movement exceeds 50 km / h, the articulated retainers consist of basic and light additional rods associated directly with the contact wire.

Tipping the speed contact suspension fixtors (COP-200) is prevented by an unloaded wind string 600 mm connecting the additional core of the lock with the main rod (Fig. 7).

Direct clamps are used for minus (to the support) of the contact wire zigzags or with a horizontal effort directed from the support in the event of a change in the direction of the contact wire; Reverse locks - with advantage (from support) contact wire zigzags or horizontal effort to support (supporting device).

Figure 6 - Types of clamps: A - FP-3; b - UFP; B - FO-25; G - UFO; D - FR; 1, 8, 9 - insulators; 2 - articulation detail; 3 - main rod; 4 and 11 - racks of direct and reverse locks; 5 - Additional lock; 6 - clamp fixing; 7 and 10 - inclined and insisting strings; 12 - string and contact wire holders; 13 - coached steel; 14 - Stand Clamp UFO

Figure 7 - Fixer reverse with wind string: A - Window string installation diagram on reverse lock; b - the scheme of the wind string installation on the forward retainer; B - general view of the wind string; 1 - rod of the main reverse retainer; 2 - wind string; 3 - clamping fixing; 4 - Additional Lock; 5 - rack; 6 - Rod of the main direct retainer

Figure 8 - Direct FP retainer with wind string

With high efforts (more than 200n), flexible clamps are mounted on the outer side of the contact wire on the outside of the curve. The rules of the device and technical operation of the contact network defines the conditions for installing flexible fixators.

In the designations of clamps, the letters and numbers indicate its design, the voltage in the contact network for which it is intended, and geometrical dimensions: F - fixator, P - straight, o - reverse, A - ankurrable branch, T - the cable of an ankurrable branch, G - Flexible, C - aerial shooter, p - diamond suspension, and - isolated consoles, y - reinforced, digit 3 - on voltage 3KV (for DC lines), 25 - to voltage 25kV (for alternating current lines); Roman numbers І, ІІ, ІІІ, etc. - characterize the length of the main core of the retainer.

The lengths of the main rods of the fixators are chosen depending on the dimensions of the support of the supports, the direction of the zigzag of the contact wire, the length of the additional rod. The length of the additional rod is adopted 1200mm.

The clamps for isolated consoles differ from the retainers for uninsulated consoles by the fact that at the end of the main rod facing the console, instead of a rod with cutting to connect with an insulator, welded to connect to the console.

In those places where electrified railway tracks intersect, the intersection of the corresponding contact suspensions is formed in the contact network, which is called an air arrow. Air arrows must provide smooth, without blows and sparks, the transition of a current receiver from the contact wires of one path (Congress) to the contact wires of the other, free mutual movement of the suspensions forming the air arrow, and the minimum mutual vertical movement of the contact wires in the climbing zone of the adjacent wire Ways.

Figure 9 - Contact Network Air Arrow Scheme: 1 - A passage zone of non-working part of a current receiver under an inoperative part of the contact wire; 2-- main electrical connector; 3-- non-working contact wire branch; 4 - area of \u200b\u200blocation of the fixing device; 5-- zone pickup by poloz the current collector of contact wires; 6 - contact wire of the direct path; 7 - contact wire of the rejected path; 8 - an additional electrical connector; 9 - place of intersection of contact wires

Air arrows over ordinary and cross-time translations and over the deaf intersections of paths should be fixed with the possibility of mutual longitudinal movements of contact wires. In secondary ways allowed to use non-fixed air arrows.

Strings are used to attach contact wires to the carrier cable in chain suspensions. The strings should ensure the elasticity of the suspension, and in a semi-permanent chain suspension also the possibility of free longitudinal movements of the contact wire relative to the carrier cable when temperatures change. String material must have the necessary mechanical strength, durability and resistance to atmospheric corrosion. The connection between the contact wire and the carrier cable should not be tough, so the strings are manufactured by individual links.

Locking strings of chain suspension are made from the charging wire with a diameter of 4 mm (Fig. 10), individual links are hinged with each other. Depending on the length of the string, it can be made of two or more links, while the lower link associated with the contact wire should be no more than 300 mm long to avoid a break. To reduce the wear of strings in the locations of the links of the links are installed. Link strings are attached to the contact wire and carrying cable string clamps, double contact wires of semi-perched suspension are attached on common strips with separate lower links. When changing the temperature, the contact wire and the carrier cable (on both sides of the average anchoring) occurs.

Mutual movement of wires leads to a breakdown of strings. As a result, it is changed both the position of the contact wire in height and the tension of the chain suspension wires. To reduce this influence, the angle of inclination of the string should not exceed 30 ° to vertical along the axis of the path (Fig. 10, B).

Figure 10 - strings of chain contact suspension: A - link string; B and B - the arrangement of the string on compensated and semi-permanent suspension; g - allowable slope string to vertical; 1 - carrying Toros; 2 - contact wire; 3 - poloz of the current receiver; 4 - String Clamp 046

For more uniform elasticity and reduction of arrows of the contact wire, during temperature changes, it is suspended in spring strings (cables) of the BM - 6 brand. Springs are made from the gratened wire with a diameter of 6 mm. Link strings are fixed on one side to a spring string (cable) with string clamps or copper brackets, and on the other to the contact wire with a conventional fastening of the strings by clamps.

To ensure the course of the current on all wires included in the contact suspension or by all wires included in one section, as well as in the case of the wires of the wires on the support or bypassing artificial structures, electrical connectors are used. The electrical connectors are installed on the interfaces of the anchor sections and individual sections at railway stations, in places of compound of enhancing wires with contact suspension and carrier cables with contact wires. They must provide reliable electrical contact, the elasticity of the contact suspension and the possibility of longitudinal temperature movements of the wires along the entire length.

The transverse connectors (Fig. 11) are set between all the wires of the contact network relating to one path or group of paths (sections) at the station (contact, reinforcing wires and carriages). Such a connection ensures the flow of current on all parallel to the wires.

Longitudinal connectors (Fig. 12) are installed in the pairing places of anchor sections, connecting places of reinforcing and feed wires to the contact suspension. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe longitudinal connectors should be equal to the cross-section area of \u200b\u200bthe suspension connectable, and for reliable contact, the longitudinal connectors on the main ways and other responsible places of the contact network are performed from two or more parallel wires.

Figure 11 - Schemes for the installation of transverse electrical connectors (A, B) and connecting reinforcing wires (B) and disconnector loops (arresters, OPON) to the contact suspension (g); 1 and 5-connecting and feeding clamps; 2- carrier cable; 3-electrical connector (MGG wire); 4 and 7 - contact and enhancement wires; 6- "C-shaped" electrical connector (wire M, A and AC); 8- loop from disconnector (arrester, OPON); 9-clamp transitional

Figure 12 - Longitudinal electrical connector: 1 - electrical connector (wire mg); 2 - connecting clamp; 3 - carrying cable; 4 - contact wire; 5 - Powering Clamp

Longitudinal electrical connectors should have a cross-sectional area corresponding to the cross section of the suspension connected by them. The longitudinal electrical connectors to the feed and reinforcing wires in the anchors should be connected to the output from the sealing of the free ends, and on the non-insulating pairing and the equipment - to each carrying cable with two connecting clamps and to the contact wire by one supply clamp. With a compensated suspension, the length of the electrical connector must be at least 2 m.

All types of electrical connectors and loops are made of copper wires of a cross section of 70-95 mm2 in the alternating current portions, the use of copper wires of MG of the same section is allowed.

Transverse electrical connectors between carriers and contact wires on the distillations are installed outside the spring or first vertical strings at a distance of 0.2 - 0.5 m from their attachment points.

To power the contact network from traction substations, there are several traction power supply schemes. The largest distribution was obtained by a 4-kΩ voltage system and an AC system with a voltage of 25 kV and 2x25 sq.

When the DC power supply system into the contact network, the electrical energy comes from the tire of a positive polarity with a voltage of 3.3 kV traction substations and returns after passing through the traction engines of the electro-label composition along rail chains attached to the negative polarity tires. The distance between the direct current traction substations varies from 7 km to 30 km.

In the power supply system of the AC power, electricity to the contact network comes from two phases A and in a voltage of 27.5 kV (on the tires of traction substations) and returns along the rail chain to the third phase S. In this case, the power is carried out by one phase on the feeder zone (parallel operation Related traction substations) with alternating power for subsequent feeder zones in order to align the loads of individual phases of the power supply system. With this power supply system due to high voltage, traction substations are located 40-60 km.

In recent years, on the network of railways of Russia, along with solving various problems and tasks, special attention is paid to the problem of the bandwidth of the distillers and stations. This problem arises in the conditions of tough competition between railways and other industries of the Russian transport industry (by sea, automotive, etc.). Success in this largely depends on the rapid, high-quality and safe delivery of goods and passengers, which is largely complicated by a constantly growing cargo turnover and passenger traffic. One of the most preferred options for solving this problem is to increase the weight of freight trains.

According to the instructions on the organization of the movement of high-length freight trains and weight by heavy trains, trains are considered, the weight of which is more than 6,000 tons or length of more than 350 axes.

The appeal of trains of elevated weight and length is allowed on one-two-way areas at any time of the day at a temperature not lower than -30 C, and trains from the empty wagons are not lower than 40 s [L5].

The connected trains are organized at stations or distillations from two, and in the necessary cases of three trains, each of which should be formed along the length of the transponder paths, but not more than 0.9 of their lengths, a scheduled schedule, as well as, taking into account restrictions on strength Traction and power of locomotive and power supply devices.

The compound and disconnection of high weight trains and length is allowed on descents and lines to 0.006 in compliance with the safety conditions of the motion provided for by the local instruction.

On electrified areas, the order of passing the connected cargo trains is set to the heating conditions with the contact network with a single path. The total current of all electric locomotives in high weight trains and length should not exceed the permissible current to heat the contact network specified in the rules of the device and the technical operation of the contact network of electrified railways. At minus temperatures, the permissible currents of the contact suspension wires can be increased by 1.25 times.

The number of trains of elevated weight and length (for normal power supply) in the zone between traction substations should be no more laid in the graph of motion. At the same time, to calculate the load of the power supply devices, the train of double unified weight and length is considered for two trains, triple - for three, etc.

The decrease in the interval to a given value is possible by alternating the skipping of high weight trains with lighter trains, the introduction of PS and PPS or an increase in the permissible current of the contact network.

The introduction of additional PS and PPPs on two-step areas with essential (at least twice) differing loads by ways reduces approximately 1.1 - 1.4 times the calculated inter-train interval due to a decrease in currents in the wires of the contact network.

The minimum inter-train interval is checked by power of power supply devices, voltage on the electric survey current, the current of the protection of the supply lines (feeders) of traction substations of the work of the elements of the traction rail chain.

To organize the circulation of high weight trains and road length, measures are being developed in which an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe contact suspension cross section is envisaged, improving spending on wires, increase the voltage in the contact network and other measures.

One of the trends in the transport policy is the further development of the speed movement of trains, which has a number of new technical tasks before electricalizers. In international practice, the following classification has been established: high-speed lines are considered at a speed of 160--200 km / h, high-speed - at a speed of over 200 km / h.

It should be noted that changes in constructive solutions, in the selection of high-energy materials and corrosion-resistant coatings, in the application of new insulators, improved supporting and supporting structures, in the design of the contact suspension itself, etc., which appeared in connection with the introduction of the KS-200 suspension, show modern directions The development of the contact network is already widely used in the reconstruction carried out on a number of roads to increase speed speeds up to 160 km / h.

The labor and economic costs necessary for the operation and overhaul of the contact network on the extended polygon of electrified railways makes you improve the design of the contact network, their installation and maintenance methods.

The COP-200 contact network should provide a reliable current collector with the number of current collectors to 1.5 million, high operational reliability, durability of at least 50 years, as well as a significant reduction in operating costs for its maintenance due to the more advanced characteristics of the suspension: equalizing elasticity in flights; reduction of weights of clamps and clamps, applying compatible corrosion-resistant materials; anti-corrosion coatings; high thermal conductivity and small electrical resistance of materials used.

There are several options for reorganization of the contact network. Modernization is carried out if the permanent elements of the contact network developed more than 75% of the regulatory life (resource) and downgraded by more than 25% of the carrying capacity or permissible loads. Depending on the volume of replacement of the main permanent elements, the complete or partial upgrade of the contact network is carried out.

Full upgrades implies a complete update of all the permanent elements of the contact network according to the contact suspension type projects. Replacing contact wires is made depending on the degree of their wear. The decision to preserve the supports established in the preceding major overhaul and did not develop their resource is made in designing depending on the possibility of their use in the suspension and breaking places to install the supports.

With partial upgrades, a significant update of permanent elements is made and, if necessary, a complete update of individual elements - supporting structures, compensating devices, insulation, carrier cables, reinforcement.

1. Theoretical aspects of the projected area

Technical description of the projected area.

The technical description is a characteristic of the designed area, which should be exposed in the following order:

Gene and power supply system of the projected area;

Length of the station (distance between traffic lights), Passenger Building axis pickets;

Number of main and secondary ways, distance in interposses, the presence of impasters and paths that are not subject to electrification;

The presence of rapid ways to cargo courtyards and warehouses;

The length of the adjacent distillation and its characteristics (curves, embankments, recesses, artificial structures)

Development and description of the power scheme and partitioning of the station station and adjacent distillations.

Electrified EPS lines receives electricity through the contact network from traction substations located at such a distance between them so that a stable rated voltage on EPS and has been protected from short-circuit currents.

For each site of an electrified line, when it is design, it is designed to develop a power scheme and partitioning of the contact network. When developing the power circuits and partitioning of the electrified line, the standard partitioning schemes developed on the basis of operation experience are used, taking into account the cost of the contact network structure.

The role of "human factor" in ensuring the safety of trains.

An analysis of literary sources shows that in the activities of the world's railways there is a lot of common, including problems. One of them is the safety of trains.

Each person error is always the result of its action or inaction, i.e. Manifestations of his psyche determination of his aspect. The reason for the error is often not one, but a whole complex of negative factors.

The work of railway transport is inevitably connected with risk, which is defined as a measure of the probability of danger and the severity of damage (consequences) against security violation. Transport risk is the result of the manifestation of many factors of both subjective and objective nature. Therefore, it will always exist. "You can not win the battle for the safety of times and forever."

An accident can not be completely excluded using technical or organizational events. They only reduce the likelihood of its occurrence. The more effective countering the risk of emergency situations, the higher the costs of forces and means. Safety costs sometimes may even exceed damages from accidents, crashes and marriage on train and maneuver work, which can lead to a temporary deterioration of the economic indicators of the industry. Nevertheless, such costs are socially justified and they must be taken into account in economic calculations.

The safety of trains movement, the safety of the railway transport system is an integral concept that cannot be directly measured. Usually safety is understood as the absence (exception) of dangers. At the same time, the danger is meant any circumstance that can harm the health of people and the environment, the functioning of the system or cause material damage.

Train safety is a central system of an α-forming factor that combines various components of railway transport to a single system.

Railway transport is the most important component of the economic activity of the modern state. Security disorders are associated with irrevocable economic, environmental and, above all, with human losses.

Considering railway transport as a system "Man - Technique - Wednesday" system, four groups of factors affecting operational safety can be distinguished;

Technique (malfunction of the path and rolling stock, refusals of the SCB and communication, safety devices, power supply, etc.);

Technology (violation and non-conformity of legislation, rules, regulations, orders, instructions, bad working conditions, contradictions between industry and external infrastructure, disadvantages of ergonomics, errors of technical equipment developers, improper control algorithms, etc.);

Wednesday (unfavorable objective conditions - terrain relief, meteorological conditions, natural cataclysms, increased radiation, electromagnetic interference, etc.).

A person who directs with technical means and performing providing functions (incorrect performance of its production responsibilities is intentionally or due to deterioration of health, insufficient preparedness, the inability to perform them at the required level).

Railway transport includes thousands of various technical means, which individually pose a danger to the environment and human life. In the complex, man-machine systems carry a much greater danger that needs to be taken into account when developing, implementing and operation. All this indicates the need to create a security theory - the methodological basis for safety measures on railways.

Any violation in technique and technology is ultimately caused by a person, if not those who manage technical means, so by commander or attendants. Therefore, "... any violation of the correctness of the functioning first, secondly and thirdly comes from a person." On the railways of the Russian Federation over the past five years, about 90% of all accidents and crashes occurred.

A person makes mistakes, and it needs to be considered. A person has the right to make a mistake (of course, it is not about intentional violations). And the greater the deviation of the state of the person from its optimal, the greater the likelihood of the error. Therefore, it is necessary to build a security system in such a way as to minimize the consequences of these errors.

To effectively address the problem of monitoring the state of the person and the construction of automatic devices, partially duplicating its actions, a modern approach is needed, considering a person in relationships and interaction with its habitat.

At the same time, the "human factor" is understood quite widely. It:

Actions of managers, railway operators, workers who are not directly related to the movement of trains;

Various kinds of regulation, document management, development and execution of orders, instructions, orders, rules, laws, etc.;

Selection, selection, placement and training of personnel both leadership and engineering, operator and working professions (personnel management);

Errors of technical equipment developers and technological processes algorithms;

Research and accounting for the impact of the specifics of the railway environment to the level of human health (working and recreation conditions);

Control and assessment of the current state of workers (before shift, during and after work).

Ensuring traffic safety is at railway transport the most important task and includes three relatively independent functions: constructive operational reliability; Highly efficient management and reliability of the locomotive brigade.

At the same time, if the percentage of the various incidents of the technical and technological plan plays a relatively small role, the proportion of the causes of the marriage of "human" origin, united by the concept of "personal factor", is very high.

A significant reserve here is to study the causes of the incidents associated with man, and the development on this basis measures to eliminate them.

Occupational Safety and Health.

The electrician workstation is an electrified area in the boundaries installed for the contact area area.

Performance of work on the contact network requires solid knowledge of safety rules and strictly execution.

These requirements are due to increased danger: work on the contact network is performed in the presence of trains movement, with a rise in height, in various meteorological conditions, sometimes in the dark, as well as near the wires and structures under high voltage, or directly on them without Stress removal, in compliance with organizational and technical measures to ensure the safety of working.

Terms of work.

When working with the removal of voltage and grounding, the voltage is completely removed and the wires and equipment are ground. The work requires increased attention and high qualifications of the service personnel, as in the area of \u200b\u200bwork may remain under the voltage of the wire and design. Approximation to the wires under the working or induced voltage, as well as to neutral elements for a distance of less than 0.8 m are prohibited.

When working under voltage, the employee directly contacts with the parts of the contact network, which are under the working or induced voltage. In this case, the safety of the operating is ensured by the use of fixed assets: insulating removable steps, insulating windows of automotive and dross, insulating rods, which are isolated working from the ground. In order to improve the safety of work under voltage, the Contractor wores the shunting rods necessary for the equalization of the potential between parts to which it is simultaneously touched, and in case of breakdown or overlap of insulating elements. When working under voltage, pay special attention to that. So that the working simultaneously does not touch the grounded structures and was not closer from them at a distance of 0.8 m.

Works near parts under voltage are performed on constantly grounded reference and supporting structures, and between working and parts that are under voltage can be a distance of less than 2 m, but it should not be less than 0.8 m in all cases.

If the distance to parts under voltage, more than 2 m, then these works refer to the categories of performed away from parts under voltage. At the same time, they are divided into work with lifting and without lifting to height. Works at the height are all work performed with the rise from the ground level to the legs of 1 m and more.

During work with the removal of tension and grounding and near the vellenities, it is prohibited:

Work in a bent position, if the distance from its rectifier to hazarded elements will be less than 0.8 m:

Work in the presence of electr hacmed elements on both sides at a distance of less than 2 m from the working;

Perform work at a distance closer than 20 m along the path axis from the partitioning site (sectional insulators, insulating pairing, etc.) and loops of disconnectors, which are shutdown when preparing the place of work;

Use metal stairs.

When working under the voltage and near the vetain parts, in the brigade there must be a grounding rod in case of the need for urgent tension removal.

In the dark in the area of \u200b\u200bwork, there should be coverage that ensures the visibility of all insulators and wires at a distance of at least 50 m.

To dangerous places on the contact network include:

mortise and sectional insulators separating the loading and unloading paths, ways to examine the roof equipment, etc.;

rotting the contact suspension and passing over it at a distance of less than 0.8 m sequins of disconnectors and arresters or the other section of the contact network with other potentials;

supports where two or more disconnectors, arresters or anchons of various sections are located;

places of rapprochement of consoles or clamps of various sections at a distance less than 0.8 m;

places of passage of feeds, sucking and other wires on flexible cables;

general racks of fixators of various sections of the contact network at a distance between the locksters less than 0.8 m;

supports with anchor waste of contact suspension of various sections and grounded anchor waste, the distance from the place of operation on which to the current parts of less than 0.8 m;

the location of the electrivatelent protection;

supports with a horn arrester or OPN on which the suspension of one path is mounted, and the loop is connected to another path or feeder route.

Dangerous places on the contact network are denoted by special warning signs signs (red boom or. Poster "Attention! Dangerous place"). Safety activities in such places are performed according to the "work card of the work in a dangerous location of the contact network."

Card manufacturing work in a dangerous location on the contact network.

Organizational security activities for working are:

issuance of outfits or orders to the manufacturer of work;

instructing an outstanding outfit of a responsible manager, a manufacturer of work;

issuance of the Energy Resolution Energy Service (order, dispatcher agreement) to prepare the place of work;

instructing the manufacturer of the works of the brigade and tolerance:

supervision during operation;

registration of breaks in work, transitions to another workplace, extension of the outfit and end of work.

Technical measures to ensure the safety of working are:

the closure of the paths of distillation and stations for the movement of trains, issuing warnings for trains and the fence of the place of work;

removal of operating voltage and take action against erroneous feeding it into place of work;

* checking the absence of voltage;

* imposition of grounds, shunting rods or jumpers, inclusion of disconnectors;

* Lighting the place of work in the dark.

Control over compliance with the safety rules is primarily in the brigade directly at the site of work. In addition, the organization of the work in the area of \u200b\u200bthe contact network is periodically checked.

The work of the brigade on the line regularly check the leaders of the Contact Network area - the head or electrician. Periodic checks are carried out by managers and engineering and technical staff of the power supply and electrification and power supply services. At the same time, the discipline of the brigade in ensuring the safety of labor and literacy of the implementation and organization of work is estimated.

The basis for successful work without injury and violations of normal operation is to maintain constantly sustainable production and technological discipline at all levels, preventing violations of existing rules and instructions.

2. Estimated and technological part

Determination of loads operating on the wires of the contact network.

For contact network, climatic loads are decisive: wind, ice and air temperature acting in different combinations. These loads have random nature: their calculated values \u200b\u200bfor any period of time can be determined by the statistical processing of observational data in the area of \u200b\u200bthe electrified line.

To establish the calculated climatic conditions, they use the map of the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory of Russia, for simplified calculations, the data on tasks are issued by the teacher.

The load on the weight of the wires is a uniformly distributed vertical load, which can be determined by using literature.

The ice-free load is caused by a holly, which is a layer of dense ice of a glassy structure with a density of 900 kg / m3. For calculations, we assume that the ice falls the cylindrical shape with a uniform thickness of the ice wall, along the effects of the load is vertical.

The intensity of holling formations is greatly influenced by the height of the wire above the surface of the Earth. Therefore, when calculating the thickness of the holly wall on the wires located on the bulbs, the thickness of the holly wall thickness should also be multiplied by the correction coefficient Kb.

The wind loads on the wires of the contact network depend on both the average wind speed and the nature of the surface of the surrounding area and the height of the wires above the ground. In accordance with the construction norms and rules of "Load and Impact. Design standards »Calculated wind speed for specified conditions (the height of the wires above the surface and roughness of the surface of the surrounding area) determine the multiplication of the normative wind speed on the KV coefficient depending on the height of the wires above the ground surface and from its roughness, the normative value of wind pressure, PA, Q0, the coefficient of the unevenness of the wind pressure along the span, with a mechanical calculation taken.

Wind load on the wires of the chain contact suspension is a horizontal load.

From a different combination of meteorological conditions operating on the wires of the contact network, three calculated modes can be distinguished, in which the force (tension) in the bearing cable may be the largest, i.e. Dangerous for the strength of the cable:

· Mode of minimum temperature - cable compression;

· Mode of maximum wind - stretching the cable;

· Holly weather with wind - stretching the cable.

For these calculated modes and determine the loads acting on the carrier cable. In the minimum temperature mode, the carrier cable is experiencing a load only vertical - from its own weight; The wind and ice is absent; In the maximum wind mode, the vertical load does the vertical load on the weight of the contact suspension wires and the horizontal load from the wind pressure on the carrier cable, the ice is missing. In the ice-wind mode with the wind on the carrier cable there are vertical loads from the intrinsic weight of the contact suspension wires, on the weight of the ice on the wires of the suspension and the horizontal load from the wind pressure on the carrier cable, coated with a holly at the corresponding wind speed.

So, we will produce the calculation for three calculated modes, the procedure for calculations is shown below.

The procedure for calculations.

In the minimum temperature mode.

1. Selection of loads from own weight of the carrier cable and contact wire.

Linear loads on the weight of the contact wire K (N / M) and the weight of the carrier cable (N / M) are determined depending on the brand of the wire on the tables.

where, K is linear loads from their own weight (1 m) of the carrier cable and contact wire, H / m.

Load from the own weight of strings and clips, taken evenly distributed by the length of the span; The value of this load can be taken equal to 1.0 H / m for each contact wire;

The number of contact wires.

where 0.009 h / mm3- the density of the ice;

d - diameter of the carrier cable;

The wall thickness of the ice on the carrier cable, mm

where Kb is a correction coefficient, which takes into account the influence of local suspension conditions for the deposition of ice (Appendix 5, vol. 5.7);

0.8 - correction coefficient for the weight of the ice deposits on the bearing cable.

The normative thickness of the wall of the ice bn, mm, at an altitude of 10 meters with a repeatability of 1 time in 10 years, depending on the specified iceed area, is found by Appendix 5 (T.5.6)

The calculated thickness of the holly wall, taking into account the correction coefficients, is allowed to round up to the nearest whole digit.

On the contact wires, the calculated thickness of the ice wall set is set to 50% of the wall thickness, adopted for other wires of the contact network, as it takes into account the decrease in ice-formation due to the movement of electric trains and ice ice (if available).

where the thickness of the wall of the ice is on the contact wire, mm. On the contact wires, the thickness of the ice wall takes equal to 50% of the thickness of the ice wall on the bearing cable.

where - the thickness of the ice wall on the bearing cable, mm.

5. Complete vertical load from the weight of the ice on the wires of the contact suspension.

where is the number of contact wires;

Equally distributed along the length of the span, the vertical load from the weight of ice on strips and clamps at one contact wire (n / m), which, depending on the thickness of the ice wall, can be approximately accepted by Appendix 5 (T.5.6).

6. The regulatory value of the horizontal wind load for the carrier cable in H / M is determined by the formula:

...