Server types. Internet service e-textbook

Types of sites By informational content Business card site Corporate site Personal site Online stores Web resources Search engines Postal resources Bulletin boards Forums File hosting Social networks By accessibility Open Semi-open Closed By size and level of tasks they solve Simple Thematic Multifunctional (portals) By Accessibility Open Semi-open Closed

The creation of a WEB site begins with planning its structure, i.e. site layout as a whole, general page layout, individual page layouts. The layout of the site sets the structure of the future site - the number and subject of individual pages, the hierarchy of pages. The structure (plan) of the site is the division of the general content into semantic sections and separate pages, indicating the links between them.

Permanent elements of the site Each page of the site should have permanent elements that firmly hold their place on the screen when paging through the pages: Logo Site title Main menu On internal pages, the logo should be a link to the main page.

Main menu The number of items, their names and order in the main menu should not change when turning pages. The menu must contain an item pointing to the current page. This item, unlike the others, should not be a link. Menu item names should be very short. It is unacceptable to stretch one paragraph over several lines. The main menu is recommended to be repeated at the ends of the pages.

External links The site must have external links. External links need to be collected on a separate page and further distributed across pages based on context. In each case, external links must be written explicitly. External links must be commented.

Text on the site Break the text into small paragraphs. Paragraphs should be separated from each other by blank lines. Don't center lines of large text. On a complex background, place text inside solid-color areas. Do not write the main text in an increased font size and, moreover, in bold or italics. Try to use the default font. Structure your text using a heading hierarchy and paragraph division. Construct the text according to the principle of an inverted pyramid, first the conclusion, then the details.

Do not put a period in the names of the site and pages if they consist of one sentence Keep the names of menu items short Do not choose a colorful background for the pages Do not place too many informational and artistic blocks on the page Do not write too long texts Use the same techniques in each paragraph formatting Recommendations when filling site pages with information materials

Stages of site creation Site analysis and design. Analysis of similar sites highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. The site is designed based on the interests of the intended audience. Information content of the site (content). Attracts potential users. The information should be interesting for the target audience and well-formatted.

Stages of creating a site Creative. It includes the development of design, graphic elements, graphics processing and everything connected with it. Development is always carried out on paper in order to determine the best option for the location of typical elements. Because pages are designed in the same style, then a template is created. Code writing. Creation of Web-pages, programming, writing of the functional part.

Stages of site creation Testing. Checking that the site is displayed correctly by different browsers: texts are well read against the selected background, pictures are in their places, hyperlinks provide the right transitions. Testing is carried out before placing the site on the Internet.

Stages of site creation Publication. The site is hosted on the Internet. You can use free hosting or place a site with a provider Hosting - a service for placing a site on a server that is constantly on the Internet; can be paid and free. Promotion. Advertising company to recognize the site and increase its attendance - site registration in search engines, link exchange, etc. Support. Constant updating of the site. (at least once every 2 weeks).

Hypertext markup language HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) Text editor Visual HTML editor, site builder Text is marked with special marks - tags The document is saved as a Web page Microsoft FrontPage uCoz, Sitecraft, etc. Ways to create a site Site creation technology

What tools can you use to create websites? What is a website? Think over and graph the structure of one of the following sites: a) "Our group"; b) "My family"; c) computer science. List the main elements placed on the pages of the site. What recommendations should be taken into account when filling the pages of the site with information materials? What is the purpose of site testing? What is the main disadvantage of free hosting? Name an Internet server known to you that provides users with free website hosting. What is the site structure? Questions and tasks

Ways to create a site Hypertext markup language HTML Hypertext markup language HTML Text editor MS Word, MS Publisher, MS PowerPoint Text editor MS Word, MS Publisher, MS PowerPoint HTML editor, site builder HTML editor, site builder Initially, you should consider the content and structure of the site Before placing a site on the Internet, it should be tested. When filling the pages of the site with information materials, certain recommendations should be followed.

1. - hosting 2. html - site Video tutorials on informatics grade 8 html site free hosting "70mb" site "Guru-host.ru" paid hosting "ASCONT" site paid hosting "1Gb" Information sources

From a hardware point of view, a server is a computer that is capable of providing some service to other computers connected to it. The computers are supposed to be connected in some way to the server and to each other.

Choosing the right server for your organization is not an easy task. The wide choice of server systems requires CIOs to realistically assess their requirements for processing power, scalability, reliability, and availability. They must clearly articulate server requirements, explore support options, and determine future upgrade costs. In addition, it is necessary to be well versed in the variety of products offered on the market.

Servers can be classified, for example, both by the class of tasks being solved and by the number of clients served. In accordance with the second approach, workgroup-scale servers are distinguished; department (department); medium organizations (midrange); enterprises (enterprise).

It must be said that since within each type the configuration of servers varies significantly, clear boundaries between them cannot be established. Powerful low-end computers can act as entry-level servers in the older adjacent class and vice versa.

Note that there are quite a few server classifications, and all of them overlap to some extent. So, manufacturing companies often subdivide produced servers according to the type of execution: ultra-thin (blade), classic floor (tower), designed for installation in racks (rack) and with a high degree of scalability (super scalable). Ultrathin computers allow not only to save space allocated for each server, but also to reduce power consumption. Tower servers provide high flexibility in the placement of components in the chassis and are easily expandable. Rack servers are designed for consolidation of server systems in data centers and use with external memory subsystems. They can be effectively used for cluster solutions when the servers themselves, external memory and additional devices are placed in the same racks. Servers with a high degree of scalability are usually designed for large enterprises and are able to provide a solution to almost any corporate needs.

Some common types of servers are described below, classified by the class of tasks to be solved.

Web servers

A web server is like a robotic buffet. The client asks it for something - in our case, a file - and the Web server receives the file and sends it to the client. In most cases, the original Web server does nothing with this file, but simply passes it back to the client. Modern Web servers process a large number of requests simultaneously and quickly respond to them; in addition, they are capable of processing requests in more complex ways than simply forwarding a document.

Application servers

The application server is characterized by advanced information processing capabilities, and interaction with the client becomes similar to the operation of the application. In marketing, the term "application server" usually refers to a complete solution offered by sellers that contains all the required technology components. For some organizations, this comprehensive approach to building an application server makes development easier by unifying the models being developed and centralizing support.

Database servers

Database servers are used to process business transactions and user requests. As e-business expands, the databases used become more complex and grow in size. A key characteristic of a database server is its ability to quickly retrieve and format data. The computing power and scalability of the system play a decisive role in this.

File servers

The file server does exactly what its name suggests: it provides communication between network stations and gives users access to the files they need to work. In addition, the file server usually restricts unauthorized access to data. Actually, the difference between a file server and an application server is that the former stores programs and data, while the latter executes programs and processes data.

"Wireless" server

In its simplest interpretation, such a computer could be a typical Web or application server that simply knows how to transmit documents written in a language that is standard for wireless devices. Often this language is the Wireless Markup Language (WML). Adapting a Web server to act as a wireless server capable of handling WML type documents is usually just a matter of training the server to recognize those documents. The Web server only needs to tell the client that the document is in wireless format, and that's it.

Proxy servers

The two main functions of this computer are as follows. First, it acts as an intermediary, helping users get information from the Internet while securing the network. Second, a proxy server can store frequently requested information in a cache on a local disk, quickly delivering it to users without re-accessing the Internet. A proxy server has become a very popular way to connect corporate intranets to the Internet.

Firewalls

Proxy servers can be configured to accept or reject certain types of network requests from both the local network and the Internet. In this configuration, the proxy server becomes a firewall - a firewall. A firewall, as its "combat" name implies, is a security tool whose task is much like the work of border guards: to inspect every piece of data that tries to cross the border of the network.

Mail servers

Like a proxy server, a mail server (sometimes called a message server) must handle both incoming and outgoing requests. One of the tasks of a mail server is to read the addresses of incoming messages and deliver correspondence to the appropriate mailboxes within the intranet. Depending on the maturity of the mail server, it may give the administrator more or less control over local mailboxes, the types and sizes of messages they can receive, the automatic replies they can compose, and so on.

DHCP servers

Currently, many local networks (intranets) also use the TCP / IP protocol, but sometimes original exchange protocols are used, such as NetBEUI or AppleTalk. Computers can be assigned IP addresses manually, or a so-called DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server is running on one of the machines, which automatically assigns an IP address to each local machine. The main advantage of a DHCP server is the freedom to change the configuration of the local network when it is expanded, adding or removing machines (for example, laptops).

FTP servers

Such servers based on the File Transfer Protocol have become the de facto standard for moving files on the Internet many decades ago. FTP servers support the work of simple file managers - clients. Sophisticated FTP servers provide the administrator with great control over connection and file sharing rights, file types to be shared, and where they are placed. Configurable resources allocated to a number of connections to the server, limits on the amount of data transferred and the minimum transfer rate, etc., are becoming increasingly popular tools to help increase the security of FTP servers.

Print servers

These servers allow all computers connected to the network to print documents to one or more shared printers. In this case, there is no need to complete each computer with its own printing device. In addition, taking care of all the worries about printing documents, the print server frees up computers for other work. For example, a print server stores documents sent for printing on its hard drive, queues them up, and outputs them to the printer in order of priority.

Remote access servers

These systems allow you to communicate with the office network through telephone lines. Being with a laptop somewhere far from the office, you can always get the necessary file, check if e-mail has arrived, in a word, get any necessary information. With good communication channels, the difference between working in the office and out of it is almost imperceptible in this case.

Fax servers

In a sense, fax servers serve as a bridge between the old and new ways of doing business. In many ways, the fax server is similar to the mail server mentioned earlier. Both of these types of servers are bridges between outgoing and incoming messages, both must route incoming messages to a specified address. In the case of mail servers, this is always the mailbox of a specific user. In the case of fax servers for a small single-user environment, it is often assumed that the receiving computer is the destination, so the mailbox model does not work here. On the other hand, fax servers designed for corporate use share some parallels with the email server model, delivering incoming faxes to specific addresses assigned to users.

Server attachments

There are a huge number of devices defined by the term appliance server. It is not immediately clear what is meant (appliance is translated as “appliance, device, fixture, device”, including as a household appliance) and how such a server differs from other servers. Generally speaking, the word "appliance" doesn't really refer to a specific type of server per se; here we mean the type of its acquisition and delivery. In fact, this term simply means a server of any type that is sold already configured, configured and ready to be included in the network. For example, if a server is being offered that is described as a Web hosting device, what is actually being sold is a Web server (also called an application server) being marketed as a "plug and play" device because it is suitable for installation in an existing network. There are also server set-top boxes on the market for traffic management, for creating virtual private networks - VPNs, caching devices, etc.

Server, or server software, is a computer program or device that provides functionality to other programs or devices, so-called "clients".

There are the following types of servers:

Proxy server

A proxy server is an intermediary between a client program (usually a web browser performs this role) and an external server (another server on the Internet), filters requests, improves performance and connection quality. A client connects to a proxy server by requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page from another resource - the server interprets and transmits the request.

Types of servers Mail server

Mail servers transmit mail client data through local and global corporate networks, as well as through the Internet. Provide messaging and data storage.

Server platforms

The term is often used as a synonym for operating system. The server platform is the main hardware or software for the system and acts as the "engine" that drives the server.

Web server

The web server is used to exchange data between the user's web browser and the network using the http protocol. It performs a number of the following functions: automates the work of web pages, keeps a log of access to network resources, is responsible for user authentication and authorization, supports https to provide a secure connection.

Applications server

The application server is conventionally referred to as middleware because the server data takes up a significant portion of the computing space between the database servers and end users.

FTP server

One of the Internet's oldest services, File Transfer Protocol allows you to securely move one or more files between computers while maintaining file security, privacy, and data transfer control.

Teamwork Server

Software designed to enable users to work together, regardless of their location, over the Internet or a corporate intranet.

Virtual server

In 2009, the number of virtual servers exceeded the number of physical servers. Today, server virtualization has become commonplace in the data processing industry.

Telnet Server

The Telnet server enables users to connect to remote machines and perform tasks on the remote computer.

Open source servers

Server open source operating system. It supports common email protocols (IMAP, SMTP and POP3) and can be easily integrated with many existing webmail systems. The server has flexible spam protection, provides anti-virus protection for all incoming and outgoing e-mail. Open source software is an important part of many IT infrastructures.

"1C-Bitrix: Marketplace" - Online gift shop. 1C-Bitrix: marketplace. Typical online stores. Online store of perfumery and cosmetics. Medical clinic website. New standard online stores. Website for a consulting company. Online clothing store. Launching an online store in 4 hours. Internet-shop of building materials.

"Creating websites" - Works performed in this genre often lack a scientific approach. Plan: 1. World Wide Web. Method: continuous observation and recording. Creation of a Web site. Theme of work: "Web-site". Project. A distinctive feature is the lack of a quantitative research methodology. Experimental work describes a scientific experiment that has a known result.

"1C-Bitrix" - Ready-made solutions - Online stores. Test all functionality of the product for free. CMS features. 1C-Bitrix: School website. Ready-made solutions - Information portal. Denis Donchenko Manager of the business development department of 1C-Bitrix. Online learning Interactive timetable Social network Security.

"Analysis of site usability" - The concept of usability. Links. usability metrics. Usability of online stores. The willingness of the user to wait for the download. Where have I been. A little about content. Response time. usability components. Main page. Various types of browsers. When to break the rules. Access for users with disabilities.

"3D-sites" - Economic visualizations. Product visualization. Limits of applicability of 3D. Web services for visualization of 3D models. Nokia phones. Web services for visualization. Main reasons. 3D games. Panoramas. three-dimensional interfaces. Features of Away3D. 3D web projects of large companies. Zoom-ing. 3D flash engines. 3D carousels.

"How to create your own website" - Hypothesis. Cons: Requires a lot of knowledge and time. There are paid and free CMS. Cons: Complete dependence on the service. Unknown. How to create a website? Website builders, CMS (Site Edite, Joomla, WordPress, Drupal, etc.). Services for creating websites. No need to buy hosting and register a domain.

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Through the use of various network protocols, the Internet can provide two main functions:

be a means of communication between remote users;

· to be a means of access to common information resources posted on the Internet.

Obviously, each of these functions can be implemented using various means, which provides a variety of services provided to Internet users. The means of providing certain services to users of the global network are commonly called Internet services. At the same time, communication services provide communication between remote users, and information services enable users to access certain information resources stored on the Internet.

Communication Services

Obviously, there can be only two modes of communication in the network: the mode of direct communication in real time, when users are connected during communication. An analogue of such communication is a telephone conversation. Sometimes the term on-line is used to refer to such a mode. Another mode is the mode of delayed communication (off-line). An example of such communication in everyday life is sending a letter or telegram.

Direct communication on the Internet

Direct Chat Forums - IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

This system allows Internet and Intranet users to chat in real time. To receive this service, users must form channels that support various topics of discussion. Any characters entered through the IRC program appear on the screens of all other members of your channel. The technology of using IRC has much in common with working on Usenet conferences. But if there communication takes place in a delayed mode, then a live conversation can be conducted here. The peculiarity of this communication is that the text of the message is entered using the keyboard, and then gets on the general display. Thus, when using this service, communication between participants takes place on-line in written form. Like teleconferences, chat conference participants are divided into thematic groups.

Currently communication in chat" is used as a kind of game in which each participant usually comes up with some kind of "image" for himself and beats it. Between the participants of the "chat" it is not customary to enter into real communication. However, the chat service can also be used for serious communication - both collective and personal. One of the popular programs that provide work in this mode is ICQ. In November 1996, the first version of ICQ (I seek you, ie "I'm looking for you") was launched on the Internet and has since exploded. It can be downloaded free of charge from the website: http://www.mirabilis.com. After installing the program, it will automatically download when you connect to the Internet.

Internet telephony

This service provides on-line voice communication over the Web. This is a new, growing service. Its main advantage over the phone is its low price. The quality of Internet telephony is still inferior to telephone communication (time delays, sound distortion), but over time, these shortcomings are gradually overcome.

The general principle of operation of IP-telephony telephone servers is as follows: on the one hand, the server is connected to telephone lines and can connect to any phone in the world. On the other hand, the server is connected to the Internet and can communicate with any computer in the world. The server receives a standard telephone signal, digitizes it (if it is not originally digital), compresses it, breaks it into packets, and sends it over the Internet to its destination using the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). For packets coming from the Network to the telephone server and leaving for the telephone line, the operation is reversed.

IP telephony technology combines circuit-switched networks (transmitting voice information) and packet-switched networks (transmitting data) into a single communication network. Uninterrupted voice recognition and its transmission from one network to another are solved with the help of various gateways. As shown in Figure 1, a gateway is a device that includes telephone lines on one side and an IP network on the other.

Rice. 1. Scheme of functioning of IP-telephony

Voice, like analog vibrations in an IP telephony system, exists only in the handset. In the remaining sections of the transmission channel from subscriber to subscriber, speech is digitized and transmitted in the form of IP packets. Packets arriving at the gateway closest to another subscriber are converted back to analog form (voice signal) and sent to the telephone line. The most widely used in practice is Skype (pronounced "Skype") - a free program that provides encrypted voice communication over the Internet between computers (VoIP), as well as paid services for communication with subscribers of a conventional telephone network. You can download the program from the website at http://www.skype.com/intl/ru/home .

Telnet Service

This service provides interaction with a remote computer. It allows you to turn a user's computer into a remote terminal for another computer. Therefore, this service is also called e remote terminal simulation. The terminal differs from a conventional computer in that it does not perform its own calculations. Everything that is entered on the keyboard of the workstation is transmitted to the remote computer, and the results obtained are transmitted back and displayed on the monitor of the workstation. As remote computers, machines running the UNIX operating system [Unix] are mainly used. Therefore, to work in remote terminal mode, knowledge of the basic commands of this operating system is required. With the development of graphical operating systems such as Windows, command mode has become less popular and Telnet service Recently, most users do not apply. Many information systems previously available exclusively through telnet, are now available from the World Wide Web, which will be discussed below.

Establishing a connection using telnet, the user gets the opportunity to work with the remote computer as with "his own", i.e. theoretically get at your disposal all the resources if access to them is allowed. Really telnet provides open access, but the organization of interaction is completely determined by the remote computer. Two types of Internet services require connection to servers via telnet: library catalogs and bulletin boards (BBS).

Work with the remote system can be carried out in a "transparent" mode, when the programs on the server and on the client only provide the connection protocol, and in the command mode, when the client receives a set of server commands at its disposal. It should be noted that for security reasons, there is a tendency to reduce the number of Internet nodes that allow using telnet to connect to them.

Delayed Internet Communication

Email

This is the oldest and one of the most massive services on the Web. Its purpose is to support the exchange of emails between users. In its essence, e-mail is a system for exchanging electronic messages in computer networks (in the mode of delayed communication - offline). The e-mail operation scheme is shown in Fig. 2. A mail server is a kind of post office where incoming and outgoing correspondence of users registered on it arrives. This correspondence is placed in the "mailboxes" of users - specially designated sections on the hard drive. Each user receives a personal postal address to which letters will be sent to him. It should be noted that e-mail addresses are somewhat different from other Internet addresses, but very similar. They consist of two parts, separated by the @ symbol. To the right of the symbol is the Internet address of the computer on which the subscriber's post office is located. This address is formed in the same way as any other domain name on the Internet. To the left of the @ symbol is the subscriber's name. An example of a postal address would be: [email protected].

Rice. 2. Scheme of functioning of e-mail

In order for this service to become available to the user, a number of procedures must be followed. First, the user must register on the mail server. This fixes the email client address and password - a set of characters that allows you to identify the user. The presence of a password ensures the confidentiality of this service. A registered user has the opportunity to write the text of the letter, indicating the address of the recipient. To do this, an email preparation editor is included in the email client program. Prepared letters are placed in the Outbox folder. The server receives all messages from the Outbox folder and, in addition, transmits incoming letters, which are placed in the Inbox folder. The user's connection to the mail server is only necessary for sending the message and delivering messages from the inbox to the user's computer. The mail server is constantly running. He periodically looks through the "mailboxes" and organizes the transmission of outgoing letters over the network. The mail server arranges the incoming correspondence into "boxes".

The email client-program, in addition to the function of receiving and transmitting letters during a communication session, can perform many more service functions:

preparation and editing of letters,

Organization of the address book

viewing mail archive,

Sorting and deleting letters from the mail archive, etc.

A popular E-mail client is Outlook Express, included in the standard delivery of the MS Windows operating system.

The email server and client work on different protocols. The POP3 (Post Office Protocol) server program, among other things, performs the function of protecting information. During a communication session, it establishes the identity of the user, provides communication with his personal box. When running the client program, no identification is required. Its task is to transfer outgoing letters to the server and accept incoming ones. It uses the simpler SMTP protocol (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - the simplest mail transfer protocol).

Teleconferencing Service

A teleconference is a system for exchanging electronic messages on a specific topic between network subscribers (in the mode of delayed communication - offline). Each participant receives all materials to his postal address (E:mail). Each subscriber's e-mail is published on the teleconference server and reaches all participants. (Fig.3).

Rice. 3. Scheme of the functioning of the teleconference

Unlike e-mail, when the user sends his letter personally to some subscriber or group of subscribers, in teleconferences the letter is sent simultaneously to all its participants. In turn, all messages that arrive at the address of the conference will arrive in the user's mailbox and be downloaded to his computer during the communication session. To participate in a teleconference, you must subscribe to it. For these purposes, there are certain addresses. Each conference is devoted to a certain topic, so the correspondence in it takes place only within the framework of the topic. According to some reports, the number of permanent conferences on the Internet has now exceeded 50,000.

The teleconferencing service is called differently: newsgroups, Usenet service. On the nodes of the Network, the work of teleconferencing is served by news servers. The client-news program must be installed on the user's PC. The MS Outlook Express program mentioned above is both an email client and a news client.

Teleconferences combine both communication and information functions. On the one hand, personal communication takes place here, on the other hand, the conference materials contain a large amount of useful information that is stored on the server for a certain time. This information can be considered as some information resource (electronic newspaper). This is especially important for specialists participating in conferences on professional topics: science, production, business, trade, etc. In the conference materials, one can find valuable advice and consultations that will help in making important decisions.

Information Services

Information services provide users with the ability to access certain information resources stored on the Internet. Such resources are either files in one of the generally accepted formats, or various documents. The use of these resources is provided through the appropriate services.

File transfer service

This service is often referred to by the name of the protocol used: FTP (File Transfer Protocol). On the Web side, the service is provided by the so-called FTP servers, and on the user side, FTP clients. The purpose of an FTP server is to store a set of files for a wide variety of purposes (usually in archived form). Most often these are program files: means of system and application software. But files of any other formats can be stored in sets: graphics, sound, MS Word documents, MS Excel, etc. All this information forms a hierarchical structure of folders (directories and subdirectories).

After connecting the FTP client to the server, the file interface of the folder and file storage on the server (similar to Windows Explorer) opens on the user's screen. Further work occurs in the same way as with the file system on a PC: folders and files can be viewed, sorted, copied to their disks. The FTP client is part of the Internet Explorer program and is therefore always present on a PC running MS Windows.

File hosting

A file hosting service is a service that provides the user with a place to store his files and round-the-clock access to them via the web, usually via the http protocol (and possibly via FTP). This service allows you to conveniently "change" files.

On the central page of the file hosting service, the user uploads a file to the file hosting server, and the file hosting service gives the user a permanent link, which he can send by e-mail, post on blogs, forums, or send via instant messaging systems (ICQ, MailAgent, IM, etc.) .).

World Wide Web (WWW)

www is a distributed information system with hyperlinks, existing on the technical basis of the worldwide computer network Internet. This information system is a network of documents interconnected by hyperlinks. Such documents are called hypertext. Since links can point to any document on the Internet anywhere in the world, this system is called the World Wide Web.

The smallest information unit www is Web- a page, which is a collection of text, graphics and multimedia files linked by hyperlinks. Group Web pages, owned by the same owner and interconnected in content, constitute Web site. Host - a computer designed to store Web pages And Web- sites called web server. The client is a program designed to view Web sites, is called a browser (from the English browse - browse, scroll through).

Browser(from the English Web browser; the browser option is an obsolete form) - software for browsing websites, that is, for requesting web pages (mainly from the Web), processing them, displaying them and moving from one page to another.

Most browsers can also show the table of contents of FTP servers.

Browsers have been constantly evolving since the dawn of the World Wide Web and have become more and more in-demand programs as it has grown. Today, the browser is a complex application for processing and displaying various components of a web page and for providing an interface between a website and its visitor. Almost all popular browsers are free or "bundled" with other applications: Internet Explorer (shared with Microsoft Windows), Mozilla Firefox (free, free software, compatible with some Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu), Safari (shared with Mac OS X and free for Microsoft Windows), Google Chrome(free), Opera (free from version 8.50).

Electronic media

Electronic mass media (media) is a convenient means of obtaining operational information. Almost all modern newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television channels (Russian and foreign) have their own websites on the Internet, where you can read the news, listen to and watch news reports (including in real time). On the site www.karta-smi.ru you can find links to Russian electronic media.

The electronic version of the newspaper allows not only to read the latest issue, write and send a review about what has been read to the editor, but also get access to the binder of old issues of the newspaper. On the sites of TV channels, you can view news programs and TV shows, participate in on-line conferences and forums, discuss what you see, and express your opinion. On the sites of radio stations, you can listen to news programs and radio broadcasts online.

Comprehensive Internet Services

The introduction of the Internet into practice has led to the emergence of new services that combine both communication and information capabilities of the global network. These include:

On-line translators and dictionaries

Using on-line translators and dictionaries on the Internet, you can translate texts from Russian into English and vice versa.

In this way, you can translate email texts, website content, etc.

Online shopping

In online stores, you can choose a variety of goods, place an order, and the selected goods will be delivered to your home. Thus, you can purchase, for example, CDs educational and fiction. As a rule, such purchases are cheaper than in regular stores.

Electronic payment systems

Electronic payment systems allow you to pay for a wide range of services, in particular, to make utility bills. The scheme by which electronic payment systems work is extremely simple for the user. By registering in the system, you automatically open your account. Having credited the necessary amount of money to it in a convenient way for you, you can use it for settlements with partners of this system.

The most widely used payment systems in Russia are:

· Qiwi, currency - Russian rubles

Yandex.Money, currency - Russian rubles

WebMoney, currency - Russian rubles, euro, US dollar, hryvnia, etc.

These systems are easy to use. For example, in order to safely and quickly pay for goods and housing and communal services on the Internet, you can use the Yandex. Money. To do this, you need to go to the site Yandex.Money or money.yandex.ru, register and create an electronic account.