What is microsoft net framework. General information about the basic concepts of the .NET Framework. environment and emotions

.NET Application Types

The C# language can be used to create console applications - text-based applications that run in a DOS window. Most likely, such applications will be used to test class libraries. More often, however, C# will be used to create applications that have access to the many technologies associated with .NET. This article provides a brief overview of the different types of applications that you can write in C#.

Creating ASP.NET Applications

Initially, the advent of ASP.NET 1.0 fundamentally changed the web programming model. ASP.NET 4 is a major release of the product and builds on the legacy. ASP.NET 4 introduces major revolutionary steps to improve productivity. The main goal of ASP.NET 4 is to allow you to build powerful, secure, dynamic applications using as little code as possible.

Features of ASP.NET

The first, and perhaps most important, is that the pages structured. That is, each page is, in fact, a class inherited from .NET System.Web.UI.Page class, which can override a set of methods called during the lifecycle of the Page object. (You can think of these events as page-specific relatives of events OnApplication_Start and OnSession_Start, which came in the global.asax files in classic ASP.) Since the functionality of pages can be isolated into event handlers for a particular purpose, ASP.NET pages are much easier to understand.

Another nice feature of ASP.NET pages is that they can be created in Visual Sludio 2010, the same environment in which the business logic and data access components used by these same ASP.NET pages are programmed. A Visual Studio 2010 project, or solution, contains all the files associated with an application. Moreover, classic ASP pages can be debugged directly in the editor. In the old days with Visual InterDev , there was the annoying need to specifically configure InterDev and the project's web server to enable debugging.

For greater clarity, the ASP.NET code-behind feature allows you to extend the structured approach even further. ASP.NET allows you to isolate the server-side functionality of a page in a class, compile that class along with other pages into a DLL, and place that DLL in a directory below the HTML part. The @Page directive at the top of the page associates this file with the class. When a browser requests a page, the web server fires events on a class found in the page's class file.

The last but not the least ASP.NET property that should be mentioned is the increased performance. Whereas classic ASP pages were interpreted each time the page was accessed, ASP.NET pages are cached on the web server after compilation. This means that all subsequent ASP.NET page requests are faster than the first one.

ASP.NET also makes it easy to write pages that display forms in a browser that can be used across a corporate network. The traditional view of form-based applications is that they provide a rich user interface, but they are more difficult to maintain because they run on many client machines. For this reason, people rely on form-based applications only when a rich interface is needed and it is possible to provide reliable user support.

Web Forms

To make designing web pages even easier, Visual Studio 2010 provides the Web Forms library. This tool allows you to graphically create ASP.NET pages in the same way that you create windows in Visual Basic 6 and C++Builder. In other words, you will need to drag the necessary controls from the toolbar onto the form surface, then tweak the form code slightly and write event handlers for the controls. When using C# to create a web form, you create a C# class that inherits from a base class Page, and an ASP.NET page that renders that class as its code-behind. Of course, you don't have to use C# to create your web form; you can also use Visual Basic 2010 or any other .NET-oriented language for this.

In the past, the complexity of web development has kept some development teams from attempting to master it. To be successful in developing web applications, you had to know many different technologies, such as VBScript, ASP, DHTML, JavaScript, etc. Applying Web Forms concepts to web pages has made it much easier to build web applications.

Web server controls

Controls used in Web Forms are not controls in the same sense that ActiveX controls are. Instead, they are XML tags belonging to the ASP.NET namespace that the web browser dynamically transforms into HTML tags and client-side scripts when the page is requested. The amazing thing is that a web server can render the same server-side controls in different ways, generating a transform appropriate for the particular web browser that sent the request. This means that you can now easily create perfect web page user interfaces without having to worry about how to get the page to work in any of the available browsers - Web Forms takes care of that.

XML Web Services

Today, HTML pages make up the majority of the traffic on the World Wide Web. However, with XML, computers get a device-independent format that can be used to communicate on the Internet. In the future, computers will be able to use XML to exchange information instead of sending messages to each other over leased lines in a proprietary format like EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). XML Web services are designed for a service-oriented web environment where remote computers provide each other with dynamic information that can be parsed and reformatted before being presented to the user in its final form. XML Web Services is a simple way for computers to provide information in XML form to other computers on the Internet.

In technical terminology, an XML Web Service in .NET is an ASP.NET page that returns XML instead of HTML when requested by clients. These pages rely on code-behind DLLs that contain classes that inherit from WebService. The Visual Studio 2010 IDE provides a mechanism that makes it easy to create web services.

An enterprise or organization may choose to use XML Web Services for two main reasons. The first reason is that they are based on HTTP; web services can use existing HTTP-based networks as intermediaries to transfer information. Another reason is that because XML Web Services uses XML, the format of the data being passed is self-documenting, open, and platform independent.

Creating Windows Forms

Although C# and .NET are designed specifically for web development, they still support so-called "thick client" applications - i.e. applications that must be installed on the end user's machine, where most of the processing is done. This is provided by the Windows forms library (Windows Forms).

However, if you are starting to learn the .NET platform, I would did not recommend you learn Windows Forms, and immediately move on to learning the latest WPF technology.

Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)

One of the newest revolutionary technologies is the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF). When building applications, WPF relies on the use of XAML. The abbreviation XAML stands for Extensible Application Markup Language - Extensible Application Markup Language. First introduced in 2006, this new way of building applications within the Microsoft environment is part of the .NET Framework 3.0, 3.5, and 4. This means that in order to run any WPF application, you must ensure that the client machine has the .NET Framework installed. .NET Framework 3.0, 3.5, or 4. WPF applications are available for Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Server 2008 (only these operating systems allow you to install the .NET Framework 3.0, 3.5, or 4).

XAML is an XML declaration used to create forms that represent all the visual aspects and behavior of WPF applications. Since a WPF application can be manipulated programmatically, this technology represents a step in the direction of declarative programming that the entire industry is moving towards today. Declarative programming means that instead of creating objects by writing code in a compiled language such as C#, VB, or Java, everything is declared using XML-like programming.

Windows Services

Windows Service (Windows Service, originally called NT Service) is a program designed to run in the background under Windows NT/2000/XP/2003/Vista/7 (but not Windows 9x). These services are useful when you need to keep programs ready to respond to events without having to explicitly start them at the user's initiative. A good example is the World Wide Web Service on web servers, which listens for web requests from clients.

Developing services in C# is very easy. In namespace System.Service.Process base .NET environment classes are available that allow you to solve most of the boilerplate tasks associated with system services. In addition, Visual Studio .NET allows you to create a C# Windows Service project that uses C# source code to build a Windows service.

Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)

As you explore the way Microsoft technologies move data and services from one location to another, you'll find that you have a wide variety of possible solutions at your disposal. For example, you can use ASP.NET Web Services, .NET Remoting, Enterprise Services, or MSMQ. What technology to choose? The answer to this question is dictated by what you are trying to achieve, since each of these technologies is preferable in a particular situation.

With that in mind, Microsoft really brought all these technologies together, and in the .NET Framework 3.0, as well as its inclusion in the .NET Framework 3.5 and 4, there is a single way to move data - Windows Communication Foundation (WCF). The WCF library provides the ability to initially build a service with subsequent delivery of this service in various ways (even over different protocols) by simply changing the configuration file. WCF is a very powerful new means of interconnecting distributed systems.

Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)

The Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) service was first introduced in the .NET Framework 3.0, but has now undergone a major overhaul, with the result that many will now find it much more useful. You'll find that Visual Studio 2010 has greatly improved the WF experience, making it much easier to create your own worker threads. You'll also find new flow controls, the Flowchart class, and a number of new actions such as DoWhile, ForEach, and ParallelForEach.

The set of means by which programs are written, corrected, converted into machine codes, debugged and run is called development environment or shell. Platform.Net or .net framework- it's more than just development environment programs, this is a new revolutionary combination of previously disparate technologies by Microsoft, which allows you to develop diverse applications in various programming languages ​​for various operating systems.

NET Framework is an add-on to the operating system, which can be any version of Windows, Unix, and any OS in general (according to the developers), and consists of a number of components. So, . NET Framework includes:

1. Four official languages: C#, VB.NET, Managed C++ and JScript .NET.
2. The Common Language Runtime (CLR) object-oriented runtime that these languages ​​share to create applications.
3. A series of related class libraries under the common name FCL (Framework Class Library).

The main component of the platform. NET Framework is the common language runtime (CLR). The name of the environment - "common language runtime" - speaks for itself: it is a runtime environment that is suitable for various programming languages. CLR functions include:

1. two-step compilation: converting a program written in one of the programming languages ​​into managed code in intermediate language ( Microsoft Intermediate Language, MSIL , or simply IL), and then converting the IL code to the machine code of a particular processor, which is performed using a virtual machine or a JIT compiler (Just In Time compiler - compiling exactly at the right time);
2. code management: loading and executing ready-made IL code using a JIT compiler;
3. accessing metadata for verification purposes code security;
4. memory management when placing objects using the garbage collector ( Garbage Collector );
5. handling of exceptions and exceptional situations, including cross-language exceptions;
6. interfacing between managed code (code written for CLR) and unmanaged code;
7. support of services for the development of diverse applications.

next component. Net Framework is an FCL - platform class library. This library is divided into several modules in such a way that it is possible to use one or another part of it, depending on the required results. So, for example, one of the modules contains "bricks" from which you can build Windows applications, the other contains the "bricks" necessary for organizing networking, etc.

Part of the FCL is devoted to the description of basic types. A type is a way to represent data; identifying the most fundamental of these makes it easier to share programming languages ​​with. NET framework. Collectively, this is called the Common Type System (CTS - Common Type System).

In addition, the FCL library includes the Common Language Specification (CLS - Common Language Specification), which establishes: the basic rules for language integration. The CLS specification defines the minimum requirements for a platform language. NET. Compilers that conform to this specification create objects that can interact with each other. Therefore, any language that conforms to the requirements of the CLS can use all the features of the FCL library.

As already noted, the main languages ​​​​designed for the platform. NET Framework are C#, VB. NET, Managed C++ and JScript. NET. For these languages, Microsoft offers its own compilers that translate the program into IL code, which is executed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR) JIT compiler. In addition to Microsoft, several other companies and academic organizations have created their own compilers that generate code that runs on the CLR. To date, compilers for Pascal, Cobol, Lisp, Perl, Prolog, etc. are known. This means that you can write a program in, for example, Pascal, and then use an appropriate compiler to create managed code that will run in the common language runtime.

Concepts of application, project, solution

NET Framework imposes no restrictions on the types of applications that can be created. However, let's take a look at some of the most common types of applications:

1. Console applications allow you to output to the "console", that is, to the shell window.
2. Windows applications that use Windows interface elements, including forms, buttons, checkboxes, and so on.
3. Web applications are web pages that can be viewed by any web browser.
4. Web services are distributed applications that allow you to exchange almost any data over the Internet using a single syntax, regardless of which programming language was used to create the web service and what system it is hosted on.

An application under development is called a project. Several applications can be combined into a solution.

A convenient application development environment is Visual Studio .Net.

Visual Studio .Net Development Environment

In this course, we will be learning C#. Let's start our acquaintance with the language with the development of console applications. We will use Visual Studio as our development environment. Net (VS).

You can create C# source files with a regular text editor such as Notepad and compile them to managed modules using the command line compiler that is included. NET framework. However, it is most convenient to use VS for these purposes, because:

1. VS automatically takes care of all the steps required to compile source code.
2. The VS text editor is configured to work with languages ​​that are supported by VS, such as C#, so it can intelligently detect errors and suggest exactly what code is needed during the input process.
3. VS includes programs that allow you to create Windows and Web applications by simply dragging and dropping user interface elements with the mouse.
4. Many types of projects that can be created in C# can be developed on the basis of "skeleton" code that is included in the program in advance. Instead of starting from scratch each time, VS allows you to use existing source code files, which reduces the time spent on creating a project.

Create your first project

To create a project, start VS, and then select the command from the VS main menu File - New - Project. Then a dialog menu will open. new project(see fig. 1.1).

Rice. 1.1.

In field Project types should choose Visual C#, in field Templates – Console Application.

In line Name enter application name hello. Note that the same name will appear on the line solution name. Uncheck the box Create directory for Application(as long as we create a simple application, and we do not need to complicate its structure).

In line location determine the location on the disk where you want to save your project. And push the button OK. An approximate view of the screen is shown in Figure 1.2

The project management window is located in the upper right part. solution explorer View - Solution Explorer. This window lists all the resources included in the project:

1. AssemblyInfo.cs - information about assembly.

   The compiler, as a result of its execution, creates the so-called assembly– a file with the extension exe or dll, which contains the IL code and metadata.

2. System , System.Data , System.Xml - links to standard libraries.
3. Program.cs - program text in C#.

Comment. In other versions of VS, this also includes a file with the ico extension, which is responsible for the appearance of the application shortcut.

The properties window is located at the bottom right of the screen. Properties. If it is closed, then it can be enabled with the command View-Properties. This window displays the most important characteristics of the selected element.

The main screen space is occupied by the editor window, which contains the program text created automatically by the environment. The text is a framework into which the programmer will add the desired code. In this case, reserved words are displayed in blue, comments in green, and body text in black.

The text is structured. By clicking on the minus sign, we will hide the code block, by clicking on the plus sign, we will open it.

Let's open the folder containing the project and examine its structure (see Figure 1.3). Files in bold will only appear after compilation.

At this stage, the following files will be of particular interest to us:

1. Hello.sln- the main file responsible for the entire project. If you need to open the project for editing, then you need to select this particular file. The rest of the files will open automatically.
2. Program.cs– a file that contains source code - code written in C#. It is with this file that we will directly work.
3. hello.exe– a file that contains the generated IL code and project metadata. In other words, this file is a ready-made application that can be run on any computer that has the .Net platform installed.

Now consider the text of the program itself.

using System is a directive that allows the use of standard class names from the namespace System directly without specifying the name of the space in which they were defined.

Keyword namespace creates its own namespace for the project, which by default is called the project name. In our case, the namespace is called Hello. However, the programmer is free to specify a different name. A namespace limits the scope of a name, making it meaningful only within that space. This is done so that you can give names to program objects without worrying that they will match names in other applications. Thus, namespaces allow you to avoid conflicting names of program objects, which is especially important when applications interact.

C# is an object-oriented language, so a program written in it will be a collection of interacting classes. A class named Program was automatically created (other versions of the environment might create a class named Class1 ).

This class contains only one method - the Main() method. The Main() method is the entry point to the program, i.e. This method will start the application execution. Every C# program must have a Main() method.

Comment It is technically possible to have multiple Main() methods in one program, in which case you would need to tell the C# compiler which Main() method is the entry point to the program using a command line option.

Debug-Start Debugging . If the program runs without errors, a message will be displayed in the console window, which will flash and quickly close. To view the message in normal mode, press Ctrl+F5 or run the command Debug-Start Without Debugging.In our case, the following console window will open:

If the program code contains errors, for example, a semicolon is missing after the output command, then after pressing the F5 key, a dialog box will open, in which a message will be displayed stating that an error has been found, and the question is whether to continue working further. If you answer Yes, the previous successfully compiled version of the program will be executed. Otherwise, the process will be stopped and control will be transferred to the error list window. error list.

Exercise. Change the text of the code so that a message is displayed on the screen: Hooray!!! Today computer science!!!

One of the main principles of .NET can be expressed as follows: "Change everything you want, using any means." The .NET platform is a completely new model for building Windows applications. Let's briefly list the main provisions of .NET.

• Full interoperability with existing code. COM binaries work great with .NET binaries.
• Full and absolute interlanguage interaction. Unlike classic COM, .NET supports cross-language inheritance, cross-language exception handling, and cross-language debugging.
• A common runtime for any .NET application, regardless of which languages ​​they were created in. And importantly, all languages ​​use the same set of built-in data types.
• A base class library that hides all the complexity of using API calls and offers a complete object model for all programming languages ​​that support .NET.
• You can forget about confusing COM constructs! Interfaces IClassFactory, IUnknown, IDL code, and variant data types are not present in .NET programs.
• A real simplification of the application deployment process. In the .NET environment, you do not need to register types in the system registry. Moreover, .NET allows different versions of the same DLL module to coexist peacefully on the same machine.

Advantages

1. The entire .NET platform is based on a single object-oriented model. What does it mean? The fact is that all services, interfaces and objects that the platform provides to the developer are combined into a single class hierarchy. In other words, everything that you may need when creating applications for the .NET platform will always be at your fingertips. Moreover, all this is grouped very conveniently and intuitively.
2. An application written in any .NET compatible language is (ideally) cross-platform. Why ideally? The fact is that an application written, say, in C#, does not depend on the platform on which it will be executed, but depends on the presence of the .NET platform. But you must admit that it is much easier to port the .NET architecture once to any system, and then run absolutely any .NET application without any problems. But at the moment, the .NET platform is only ported to the Windows family of operating systems, including MS Windows mobile systems.
3. The .NET platform includes the so-called. "garbage collector" that releases resources. Thus, applications are protected from memory leaks and from the need to deallocate resources. This makes programming easier and safer.
4. .NET applications use metadata, which allows them not to use the Windows system registry.
5. Any .NET application is autonomous, in the sense that it does not depend on other programs, in particular, on the OS. Installing an application written in one of the .NET languages ​​can be done by simply copying files (the exception is creating shortcuts in my "Start" and other places).
6. .NET applications use safe types, which improves their reliability, compatibility, and cross-platform.
7. An application written in any .NET language interacts with a single error handling model, which greatly simplifies this tedious process.
8. Applications written in different languages ​​can easily interact. For example, the server part can be written in C#, and the client part in Visual Basic.
9. .NET applications can be certified secure. This is a feature of the intermediate code that all .NET applications are converted to.
10. Absolutely all errors are handled by the exception mechanism. This avoids the contention sometimes encountered when programming under Win32.
11. Code reuse has become even more convenient. This is because the MSIL intermediate language is independent of the programming language. For example, you can write a program in C#, and write a patch for it in, say, J#.

Flaws

Any software product has its drawbacks, and so does the .NET platform. You need to know them too.

1. As is often the case, you have to pay for convenience with speed, and this happened with .NET. Applications written for the .NET platform are slower, that's a fact. In some cases, the speed may drop by 15%, which is sometimes unacceptable (for example, when creating 3D applications where they fight for every FPS). Delays in execution are associated with the MSIL intermediate language, because it also takes time to compile it into an executable file. Of course, the application is not compiled all at once, but in parts, evenly when the program is running.
2. Not every language can be used to create .NET applications. The matter is that originally.NET was "sharpened" under C/JAVA-like languages. This gave rise to some difficulties with the creation of .NET compilers for other languages ​​(especially exotic and highly specialized ones). As a result, some functions had to be solved in non-trivial ways, which negatively affected performance. But gradually this disadvantage disappears, because. compiler developers have understood the importance of the .NET platform and are trying to make decent tools for their languages.
3. The FrameWork library is required. This shortcoming was eliminated with the release of Windows Vista. This library is built into the system by default.

You can pay attention to the fact that .NET has more advantages in total than disadvantages. Of course, this is not a reflection of reality. This indicates a good marketing campaign conducted by Microsoft Corporation.

The concept of the environment. Environmental factors and their classification

The term "environment" in ecology is used in a broad and narrow sense of the word. In the broad sense of the word, the environment is the environment. The environment is the totality of all living conditions that exist on planet Earth. The American biologist P. Ehrlich in his book "Population Explosion", which was published in the late 60s, figuratively characterized the environment: "Our environment is a one-of-a-kind" skin "of soil, water and a gaseous atmosphere, mineral nutrients and living organisms, covering an otherwise unremarkable planet." Environment in the narrow sense of the word is a habitat. The habitat is that part of nature that surrounds the organism and with which it directly interacts. The habitat of each organism is diverse and variable. It is composed of many elements of animate and inanimate nature and elements introduced by man as a result of his economic activity.
All elements of the environment in relation to the organism are unequal: some of them affect its vital activity, while others are indifferent to it. In this regard, all elements of the environment are grouped as follows.
1. Neutral factors are those elements of the environment that do not affect the body and do not cause any reaction in it.
2. Environmental factors are those elements of the environment that are able to directly or indirectly affect the body at least during one of the phases of its individual development and cause it to have a specific adaptive reaction.
Environmental environmental factors are diverse, they have a different nature and specificity of action. According to their importance for the body, they are divided into two groups:
1. The conditions of existence or the conditions of life are those environmental factors without which the organism cannot exist and with which it is in inseparable unity. The absence of at least one of these factors leads to the death of the organism.
2. Secondary factors are those environmental factors that are not vital, but can modify the existence of an organism, improving or worsening it.
An analysis of the huge variety of environmental factors by the nature of their origin allows us to divide them into three large groups, in each of which, in turn, subgroups can be distinguished:
I. Abiotic factors are non-living factors that directly or indirectly affect the body. They are divided into four subgroups:
a) climatic factors - these are all factors that shape the climate and can affect the life of organisms (light, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, etc.);
b) edaphic, or soil, factors are the properties of the soil that affect the life of organisms. They, in turn, are divided into physical (mechanical composition, lumpiness, capillarity, duty cycle, air and moisture permeability, air and moisture capacity, density, color, etc.) and chemical (acidity, mineral composition, humus content) soil properties;
c) orographic factors, or relief factors, are the influence of the nature and specifics of the relief on the life of organisms (the height of the terrain above sea level, the latitude of the terrain in relation to the equator, the steepness of the terrain is the angle of inclination of the terrain to the horizon, the exposure of the terrain is the position of the terrain along in relation to the cardinal points);
d) hydrophysical factors - this is the influence of water in all states (liquid, solid, gaseous) and physical environmental factors (noise, vibration, gravity, magnetic, electromagnetic and ionizing radiation) on the life of organisms.
II. Biotic factors are factors of living nature, the influence of living organisms on each other. They are of the most diverse nature and act not only directly, but also indirectly through the surrounding inorganic nature. Depending on the type of influencing organism, they are divided into two groups:
a) intraspecific factors - this is the influence of individuals of the same species on the body (hare to hare, pine to pine, etc.);
b) interspecific factors - this is the influence of individuals of other species on the body (wolf on a hare, pine on a birch, etc.).
Depending on belonging to a particular kingdom, biotic factors are divided into four main groups:
a) phytogenic factors - this is the effect of plants on the body;
b) zoogenic factors - this is the influence of animals on the body;
c) microgenic factors - this is the influence of microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, rickettsia) on the body;
d) mycogenic factors - this is the effect of fungi on the body.
III. Anthropogenic factors are a set of human impacts on the life of organisms. Depending on the nature of the impacts, they are divided into two groups:
a) factors of direct influence - this is the direct impact of a person on the body (mowing grass, deforestation, shooting animals, catching fish, etc.);
b) factors of indirect influence - this is the influence of a person by the fact of his existence (every year, in the process of breathing people, 1.1x1012 kg of carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere and 2.7x1015 kcal of energy is withdrawn from the environment in the form of food) and through economic activity (agriculture, industry , transport, household activities, etc.).
Depending on the consequences of the impact, both of these groups of anthropogenic factors, in turn, are further divided into positive factors (planting and feeding plants, breeding and protecting animals, environmental protection, etc.), which improve the life of organisms or increase their numbers, and negative factors (cutting trees, environmental pollution, destruction of habitats, construction of roads and other communications) that impair the life of organisms or reduce their numbers.
The original classification of environmental factors according to the degree of their constancy, i.e. according to their periodicity, suggested A.S. Monchadsky. According to this classification, the following three groups of factors are distinguished.
1. Primary periodic factors are factors that began to act before the appearance of life on Earth and living organisms had to immediately adapt to them (daily periodicity of illumination, seasonal periodicity of the seasons, lunar rhythms, etc.).
2. Secondary periodic factors are factors that are the result of primary periodic factors (humidity, temperature, food dynamics, gas content in water, etc.).
3. Non-periodic factors - these are factors that do not have the correct periodicity or cyclicity (edaphic factors, anthropogenic factors, the content of pollutants in water, atmosphere or soil, etc.).
Depending on the nature of the change over time, environmental factors are also divided into three groups:
1. Regularly periodic factors are factors that change their strength depending on the time of day, the season of the year, or the rhythm of the tides (illuminance, temperature, daylight hours, etc.).
2. Irregular factors are factors that do not have a clearly defined periodicity (climatic factors in different years, factors of catastrophic origin as a result of floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.).
3. Directional factors - these are factors that act over a long period of time in one direction (cooling or warming of the climate, overgrowing of a reservoir, grazing in one place, etc.).
According to the nature of the body's response to the impact of an environmental factor, the following groups of environmental factors are distinguished:
1. Irritants are factors that cause adaptive changes in physiological functions and biochemical reactions.
2. Modifiers are factors that cause adaptive anatomical and morphological changes in the body.
3. Limiters are factors that make it impossible to exist in given conditions and limit the environment for the spread of the organism.
4. Signaling devices are factors that indicate a change in other factors and act as a warning signal.
Depending on the possibility of consumption when interacting with the body, environmental factors are divided into two categories:
1. Conditions are environmental environmental factors that change in time and space, to which the body reacts differently depending on the strength of the factor (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, physical properties of the soil, etc.). Conditions are not used up and exhausted by the body.
2. Resources are all environmental environmental factors that an organism consumes, consumes in the sense that their quantity (available stock) may decrease as a result of interaction with the organism. Resources are primarily the substances that make up the body of an organism, the energy involved in the processes of its vital activity, as well as the places where certain phases of its life cycle take place.
In addition to the above classifications of environmental factors, other classifications are used in ecology, which are based on various criteria depending on the interests of the researcher.