http://site/ru/info/study/evm

Computer technologies in science and production

Computer technologies in science and production A. N. Vtyurin, A. S. Krylov. Scientific and educational course http://site/ru/info/study/evm/csp http://site/@@site-logo/logo.png

The simplicity and accessibility of modern computers, on the one hand, and the increasing complexity of physical experiments, on the other, have led to the fact that computers are increasingly used in modern experimental physics. In this regard, modern experimental physics requires knowledge not only of numerical methods and programming languages, but also of architecture, design elements of control computers, principles of their organization, and existing methods for integrating computers with physical devices. This book introduces the reader to
the fundamentals of computer architecture used to control experimental installations, the design and operating principles of the most common interface equipment, algorithms for experiment control and operational processing of experimental data. The text is accompanied by control questions devoted to the principles of organizing application software and the implementation of basic algorithms for the operational processing of experimental results, as well as examples of the practical implementation of the presented material for controlling individual interface modules and working on computer-controlled installations.

Computer in physical experiment Vtyurin A. N., Ageev A. G., Krylov A. S. Textbook http://site/ru/info/study/evm/ecm http://site/@@site-logo/logo.png

Vtyurin A. N., Ageev A. G., Krylov A. S. Textbook

The simplicity and accessibility of modern computers, on the one hand, and the increasing complexity of physical experiments, on the other, have led to the fact that computers are increasingly used in modern experimental physics. In this regard, modern experimental physics requires knowledge not only of numerical methods and programming languages, but also of architecture, design elements of control computers, principles of their organization, and existing methods for integrating computers with physical devices. This book introduces the reader to the basics of computer architecture used to control experimental installations, the design and operating principles of the most common interface equipment, experiment control algorithms and operational processing of experimental data. The text is accompanied by control questions devoted to the principles of organizing application software and the implementation of basic algorithms for the operational processing of experimental results, as well as examples of the practical implementation of the presented material for controlling individual interface modules and working on computer-controlled installations.
The book is addressed to undergraduate and graduate students of physics and engineering physics faculties of universities.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE

Computer technologies in science and education

Part 1. Theoretical foundations of information technologies in education and science

Barnaul 2011

Approved at a meeting of the Department of Computer Science

Computer technologies in science and education: lectures for students in the direction 071400.68 Social and cultural activities / comp. N.N. Shakhavalov; AltGAKI, Department of Informatics. – Barnaul: AltGAKI Publishing House, 2011. – 67 p.

Compiled by:

N.N. Shakhovalov, candidate of pedagogical sciences,

Reviewer:

O.P. Kutkina, candidate of pedagogical sciences,

Associate Professor of the Department of Informatics of AltGAKI.

©AltGAKI, 2011

EXPLANATORY NOTE

In modern conditions, professional training of specialists in any subject area requires sufficiently deep knowledge in the field of computer technology. Many problems, the solution of which was previously considered impossible, are now successfully solved using computer technology. This applies to the creation and complex processing of modern local and distributed documents, relational databases, computer modeling of complex systems, in particular pedagogical systems with formalized feedback.

The proposed discipline helps students develop a comprehensive understanding of computer technology as an organic component of information technology, which can significantly increase the efficiency of processing information of a scientific and educational nature.

Lecture materials include the following sections: information, informatization and information society, basic computer technologies in science and education, information technologies in higher education, informatization of science.

Lecture 1. Information, informatization and information society

Concept and features of the information society

The concept of “information”, its types

The concept of “information resource”

Informatization, its main tasks

Information market, its sectors

Information sources

The concept of “system”, its features

The concepts of “information system” and “automated information system”

Subject area of ​​an automated information system.

Classification of automated information systems

Lecture 2. Basic computer technologies in science and education

The concept of “information technology”

Generations of computer and information technology development.

Classification of information technologies

Main trends in the development of information technologies.

Computer technologies for processing text information

Computer technologies for processing tabular information

Computer technologies for working with databases

New information technologies in education

Information retrieval technology

Computer Information Security Basics

Method of "intelligent search" of passwords

E-commerce

Basics of creating and promoting websites on the Internet

The goal of mastering the discipline “Computer technologies in science and production” is to develop knowledge of modern computer and information technologies for working in production and conducting scientific research. The objective of the discipline is to study the structure, operating principle, capabilities and characteristics of computer technology; studying the classification, purpose and structure of software; mastering the methods of modern and promising information technologies in scientific and industrial activities; acquiring skills and techniques for working with mathematical, engineering, scientific and applied packages.

The discipline “Computer technologies in science and production” belongs to the basic part of the general scientific cycle of the main educational program for master’s training in the direction 111400 – Aquatic biological resources and aquaculture.

The discipline “Computer technologies in science and production” is final and generalizing and is based on all previous disciplines of the curriculum, in which computer and information technologies were considered and applied in various aspects. The discipline requires knowledge of the subject area of ​​computer science within the scope of standard university training.

As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must:

History, current state and prospects for the development and application of computer technologies in science, education and production;

Classification, structure and basic technical characteristics of computer technology;

Composition, classification and main capabilities of applied software in the field of electric power and electrical engineering for the automation of scientific, engineering and educational activities;

Operating principles and capabilities of local and global computer networks.

Use modern computer and computing technology to automate scientific and engineering activities and organize electronic document management;

Apply applied computer programs to solve research, production and technological problems of professional activity;

Use computer, network and information technologies and multimedia in science, production and education.

3. Own:

Methods of using computer technologies to solve research, production and technological problems in fisheries;

Methodology for collecting, processing and presenting fishery information using application programs, network technologies and multimedia in education, science and production.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Computer technologies in science,
production and education

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Department of System Analysis and Processing
information
Ph.D., Associate Professor Yakhontova I.M.
202, 217ek.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Basic
purpose
studying
disciplines
“Computer technologies in science, production and
education" is the study and development
modern
computer
technologies
used to solve problems arising in
science, production and education.

Objectives of studying the discipline:
acquisition of a system of knowledge about computer
technologies as one of the functions of activity
Informatics,
allowing
accept
relevant
solutions
at
execution
problematic tasks;
organization
informational
systems
For
wide
circle
internal
And
external
users;
generation and presentation of information,
satisfying
requirements
various
users.
studying methods and methods of computer
modeling.

Information technologies for production management

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
1.
Concept
production
enterprise management.
2. Organization
production
process. Types of production.
3. Development
operational
production.
plans

1
Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Enterprise management provides
control
his
versatile
activities that have a unifying
part is production. Other directions
activities of the enterprise are intended
provide
normal
work
By
production of products or provision of services.
For
more
effective
management
enterprise
are being developed
scientific
fundamentals of management, separate
conditionally independent, its parts.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The essence of production management
expressed in its functions, that is, those
tasks,
For
solutions
which
He
intended. Such functions can be counted
five: they were formulated at the beginning of XX
century leading scientist in scientific theory
directed by Henri Fayol.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
1.
Planning. Management function
"number one" is generally considered
planning.
Realizing
her,
entrepreneur or manager
based on deep and comprehensive analysis
the position in which you are currently
the company is located, formulates the standing
goals and objectives before her, develops
strategy
actions,
amounts to
necessary plans and programs. Figuratively
speaking, it is about determining “where
we are currently where
we want to move and how we are going to do it
do".

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
2. Organization. Implementation of developed
plans and programs are included in the content
other functions, and above all the functions
organizations. Her “responsibilities” include
Creation
companies,
formation
her
structures
And
systems
management,
providing its activities with the necessary
documentation, organization itself
production process.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
3. Coordination. The company lives and works
thanks to the people employed there, and their
joint
activities
necessary
manage.
That's why
important
meaning
acquires the function of labor coordination
activities of people.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
4. Motivation. So that things go well at the company
successfully, high activity and
good quality of work of its employees.
Therefore, it is very important to interest them in
like this
respect
To
labor,
create
corresponding motives. This requires
determine what they want (and often
many people don’t know this) and choose the most
suitable for the company and effective for
personnel way to satisfy identified
needs, that is, encouragement. Another
the side of motivation is punishment,
which also sometimes have to be applied
towards negligent employees.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
5.
Control. The essence of the fifth classical
management functions - control. He
called up
early
determine
impending dangers, detect
errors, deviations from existing ones
standards and thereby create the basis
for the process of activity adjustment
companies. The main task of control is
thus, not in search of "goats"
absolution" for the mistakes made, and in
determining the causes of recent and possible
ways out of the current situation.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
All of the above functions are not easy
they form a single whole, they are intertwined
with each other, penetrate each other, so
sometimes it is difficult to separate them. Implementation of them
everyone
planned
is being organized
coordinated
motivated,
controlled. They are implemented using
certain methods, that is, ways
bringing them into execution.

Production management methods
1. Organizational methods. Before
some activity will be carried out,
it must be properly organized:
designed, targeted, regulated,
normalized
equipped
necessary
instructions,
fixing
rules
personnel behavior in various situations.
Thus, organizational methods
management precedes the activity itself,
create the necessary conditions for it,
hence,
are
passive,
forming the basis of the other three groups - active
methods.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
2. Administrative methods come down to
openly forcing people to do one thing or another
activities, or to create opportunities for
such coercion. The condition for the use of such
methods is the predominance of unambiguous
ways to solve problems, deviation from which
unacceptable.
That's why
on
practice
administrative methods are implemented in the form
specific
without options
assignments, tasks
allowing minimal independence
performer,
due to
what
all
responsibility rests with the manager,
giving orders.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
3. Economic methods. As a result
significant complication of forms of activity,
requiring people to make a quick decision
many
emerging
problems,
administrative methods stopped responding
real management needs. Needed
there were others that allowed the performers themselves
take initiative based on material
interests and be responsible for the decisions taken by them
solutions. These methods, called
economic, appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in
largely thanks to the efforts of the American
engineer Frederick Taylor - founder
scientific management.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Economic
methods
management
suggest an indirect effect on it
an object. The performer is installed only
goals and general line of behavior, within
which he himself seeks most
his preferred ways to achieve them.
The initiative shown is beneficial not only
for the employee, but also for the company, timely
and high-quality completion of tasks in every possible way
are rewarded primarily through
cash payments. Thus, at the heart of these
methods
lies
economic
employee interest in results
of your labor.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
4. Social and psychological methods.
Economic methods are quite fast
showed their limitations, especially when
management
activities
persons
intellectual professions for which
money, of course, is significant, but by no means
the most important incentive to work.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The production system represents
yourself
isolated
V
result
social division of labor part
production
process,
capable
alone or in collaboration with
others
similar
systems
satisfy
those
or
others
needs,
needs
And
requests
potential
consumers using products produced by this
system of goods and services.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Emergence
that
or
other
production system (PS) is determined by
emergence or formation on the market
demand
on
products,
capable
meet customer requirements.
Hence,
PS
must
be
adapted
To
long-term
meeting customer demand.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The most difficult problem arising
at
definition
PS
How
object
strategic
management,
becomes
problem
calculations
elements,
the totality and interaction of which
create objective prerequisites for
goal setting, on the one hand, and for choice
preferred
strategies
achievements
long-term global goals - on the other.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
For example, let us indicate that the elements of PS
are
production
funds
And
personnel with their subsequent specification
by type (type, model) of equipment or
professional
signs
personnel
(specialties, qualifications). Similar
isolation, however, does not yet allow
Right
estimate
state
external
economic environment to formulate
strategic
goals
And
definitions
the company's readiness to achieve them.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
As part of a PS at any hierarchy level
(enterprise, workshop, site, workplace)
traditionally include the following resources:
1. Technical resources (features
production equipment, inventory,
basic and auxiliary materials, etc.
P.).
2. Technological resources (flexibility
technological
processes,
Availability
competitive ideas, scientific groundwork and
etc.).

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
3. Human resources (qualifications,
demographic composition of workers, their
ability to adapt to change
PS purposes).
4.
Spatial resources (character
production premises, territory
enterprises, communications, opportunity
extensions, etc.).

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
5.
Organizational resources
control systems
structures
(nature and flexibility of the control system,
speed
passing
managers
influences, etc.).
6.
Information resources (character
information about the PS itself and the external environment,
possibility of its expansion and improvement
reliability, etc.).
7. Financial resources (state of assets,
liquidity, availability of credit lines and
etc.).

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Every
from
specified
species
resources
represents a set of possibilities
PS to achieve your goals. It means,
that, having at one’s disposal certain
means of production (machines, auxiliary
equipment, raw materials and supplies, tools
and inventory, etc.), personnel (workers
relevant
ranks,
engineers
appropriate
qualifications,
scientific
employees
And
T.
d.),
production
premises with certain characteristics,
roads, structures and other resources, substations
capable to one degree or another of satisfying
changing needs, demands and demands
potential buyers.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
IN
result
interactions
everyone
components of the resource system are obtained
new properties that each individual
the resource type does not have. These properties
are designated by such a concept as effect
integrity of the system.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
For example, it is impossible to timely display
the desired market segment, a product that meets it
requirements without having the appropriate
resources
everyone
types:
opportunities
equipment used and used
technology, qualifications
frames, etc. And, conversely, each individual
the resource cannot be fully revealed outside
connections with other resources: opportunities,
which the machines have cannot be
implemented
without
appropriate
qualifications of workers, without application
relevant main and auxiliary
materials without the required characteristics
production premises.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
In a market economy, a significant role
plays such a human resource as
entrepreneurial
ability
(enterprise). It's a special kind
resource that sets in motion
organizes the interaction of everyone else
types of PS resources.

2
Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Industrial
process
on
industrial enterprise represents
yourself
totality
interconnected
labor processes and natural processes, in
as a result of which the starting materials
are transformed into finished products (products).

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
A product is any item or
kit
items
labor,
subject to
manufacturing at enterprises (parts,
assembly
units,
complexes
And
kits).
The manufacturing technology of the product consists
from
row
operations,
carried out
V
a certain sequence.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Operation
called
Part
technological process performed on
a certain subject of labor at one
workplace by one worker or team.
Organization of production processes
requires an integrated approach, starting with
classification of these processes and ending with them
construction in space and time.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Production processes according to their role in
the general structure of production is divided into
basic,
auxiliary
And
serving.
The main one is called production
process,
which
performed
directly
For
manufacturing
provided for
plan
products
enterprises.
Totality
main
production
processes
amounts to
the main production of this enterprise.

Scheme of the main production process of the enterprise

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computer science
Scheme of the main production
enterprise process

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The main production of the enterprise is usually
consists of three stages: procurement,
processing and assembly.
.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
At the procurement stage they are made
blanks (castings, forgings, stampings, etc.),
which undergo further processing.
At the processing stage of the workpiece or
basic materials are processed
(mechanical, thermal, electrochemical
etc.) and turn into finished parts,
which
are being sent
on
assembly
or
sold externally. Assembly stage
production includes plumbing and assembly,
testing, painting, packaging and
other
processes,
V
result
which
the finished product of the enterprise is obtained.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
An auxiliary process is called
ensuring the implementation of the main
production, for example, production for
own
needs
tool
And
devices, various types of energy,
repair of equipment and structures, etc.
Set of auxiliary processes
forms auxiliary production
enterprises (for example, instrumental,
repair, energy, etc.).

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Attendants
processes
nourish
main and auxiliary production
materials,
semi-finished products,
tools
And
devices,
carry out
loading,
unloading
And
storage
material and energy
resources. The totality of such processes
forms
serving
production
(farm)
(For example,
transport,
warehouse, etc.).

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Auxiliary
And
serving
processes are not directly related to
production, but they are necessary for
ensuring rhythmic, efficient movement
main process.
The experience of enterprises shows that
efficiency of main production
processes and the enterprise as a whole in many ways
depends
from
level
organizations
auxiliary
And
serving
processes.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
At
organizations
production
processes in each specific case
it is necessary to take into account scientifically
influence of main factors.
The main factors determining

are:
constructive and technological
peculiarities
(character)
produced
products, production volume (annual
production
program)
And
view
production specialization.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Principles of production organization
processes:
Specialization of the production process
involves its division into components
parts and assignment to individual workers
in some places,
production
in sections
limited number of detail operations,
technological processes.
IN
these conditions appear objective
possibilities for effective use
high-performance equipment.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Proportionality
-
This
performance consistency and
production
capacities
everyone
production
divisions
enterprises and individual workplaces.
Promotion
degrees
proportionality
allows
more
full
use
production equipment, basic
funds in general.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Continuity
-
this
principle
is that each subsequent
operation of a given technological process
production facility begins to execute
immediately after the completion of the previous one, i.e.
there are no time breaks. Thanks to
this reduces the cycle time
production,
is improving
usage
revolving funds.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Parallelism
assumes
V
certain
degrees
simultaneous
execution of technological processes
manufacturing of parts (assemblies)
the same product over time.
Increasing the level of parallelism leads to
To
reduction
duration
cycle
manufacturing
products,
improvement
use
negotiable
funds
enterprises.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The straightness is that
all production facilities in process
production in space takes place along
the shortest path without backtracking.
This can be achieved with subject matter
specialization and application of flow forms
organization of production. As a result
efficiency of use increases
transport
funds,
A
Also
production equipment is decreasing
cost of production.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Rhythm
assumes
such
organization of production processes,
when they are performed in equal periods of time
certain (equal) amounts of work and
equal quantities of products are produced.
Highest level of rhythm
achieved
at
complete
compliance
requirements of the principles noted above. IN
as a result of implementing this principle
rise
All
basic
technical and economic indicators of production.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Automaticity is
maximum possible and economically
expedient automation of both partial
processes and the production process
generally. The main result of automation is
significant increase in productivity
labor.

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computer science
Enough
complete
compliance
requirements
listed
principles
organization of production processes
possible with the use of appropriate
forms of organization of production and labor,
ranging from workplaces, production
plots
And
cumming
workshops
And
production units.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The type of production means
totality
signs,
defining
organizational and technological
characteristics of the production process,
carried out both at one workplace,
and on their totality on a site scale,
workshop, factory.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The type of production is the most important
parameter defining forms and methods
organizations
labor,
production
process,
operational-calendar
planning, control systems, etc.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
IN
basis
classifications
types
production is based on the following factors:
character
(structural and technological
features) and range of products produced
products,
volume
release
(annual
production
program),
degree
constancy of nomenclature. Depending on the
these factors also change in type and level
production specializations, ranging from
workplace and ending with the enterprise.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Based on these main factors on
industrial enterprises vary
three main types of production: single,
serial and mass.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Unit
type
production
characterized
manufacturing
wide
range of products, the production of which
for a long time (a year or more),
As a rule, it is not repeated. Wherein
jobs have no specific
specializations.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Serial
type-characterized
production of a limited range
products with a certain structural and technological homogeneity. Wherein
The production of each product is repeated
With
certain
frequency.
IN
dependencies
from
degrees
repeatability
differentiate
following
varieties
serial
production:
small-scale,
medium-scale and large-scale. Wherein
workers
places
have
certain
specialization directly proportional
serial level.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Mass
type
production
characterized by a narrow range of products
(one or more), the release of which
continuously
repeats itself
V
flow
for a long time (years or more).
At the same time, jobs are maximized
specialized (one, two, up to three
detail operations).

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Type
production
determined
coefficient of assignment of transactions to
workplace, production area,
the workshop and the enterprise as a whole. Coefficient
consolidation
operations
production
area can be determined by the formula:

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
where ki is the number of technological operations on the i-th part; w-number of jobs on the site;
kз - number of standard sizes of parts,
processed in this area during
month.
Depending on the value of kз is determined
serial number:
kз>21-40-unit
production,
And
small-scale
kз=11-20-medium series, production,
kз = 4-10 - large-scale production,
kз= 1-3 - mass production.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Type of production of the enterprise that
specialized in the production of one type
products, determined by the type of production
presenter
workshops
On
industrial
enterprise
leading
workshop
is
assembly or mechanical assembly.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
At the same enterprise it is possible
presence of several types of production.
Hence,
If
company
specialized in the production of several
types of products, then the type of its production
determined by type of production
products where the bulk of the workforce is occupied
forces or where significant
part of fixed production assets.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Technical and economic
characteristic
each type of production is given based on
the following
factors:
applied
equipment, worker qualifications, level
development
technological
processes,
interchangeability
products,
level
economic indicators.

3
Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Operational production planning
is
V
development
the most important
volumetric
And
calendar
indicators
production and economic activities
enterprises.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Any operational planning process
provides for the implementation by economists and managers of such stages of activity,
How
choice
strategies
development
enterprises,
justification
organizations
production, definition of logistics
material flow patterns,
development of basic calendar plans
standards, organizational preparation
production,
direct
organization of operational work, current
control and regulation of production progress.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Main
task
operational
planning ultimately comes down to
ensuring the enterprise has a well-coordinated and
rhythmic progress of all production
processes
With
purpose
the greatest
satisfaction
main
needs
market,
rational
use
available
economic
resources
And
maximizing profits.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
In operational production planning
V
dependencies
from
being developed
the following basic indicators are used
methods such as volumetric, calendar, as well as
their varieties: volume-calendar and
volumetric-dynamic.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The volumetric method is intended for
distribution of annual production volumes
and sales of the company's products
individual units and shorter
time intervals - decade, week,
day and hour. This method does not require
only
distribution
works,
But
And
optimization
use
production assets, and, firstly
queue, technological equipment and
assembly
areas
behind
planned
time interval.

Calendar
method
applies
For
planning specific time frames
launch and release of products, standards
duration
production
cycle
And
advances in the production of individual works
relatively
release
head
products,
intended
For
implementation
on
appropriate
market.
The
method
is based on the use of progressive
time standards for calculating production
manufacturing cycles for individual parts and
planned sets of products, as well as
performing assembly processes.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The volumetric calendar method allows
plan simultaneously deadlines and volumes
work performed at the enterprise in general on
the entire stipulated period of time - a year,
quarter, month, etc. With its help
are calculated
duration
production cycle of production and delivery
products to market, as well as load rates
technological equipment and assembly
stands in each division of the enterprise.
This method can be used to develop
monthly production programs as
producing and non-producing workshops and
plots.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Volume-dynamic
method
provides for close interaction between such
planning indicators, such as deadlines,
volumes and dynamics of production,
goods and services. In market conditions, this method
allows you to most fully take into account volumes
demand
And
production
possibilities
enterprises
And
creates
planning and organizational
basics
optimal
use of available resources at each
enterprise. It involves building
schedules
execution
orders
consumers and production loads
sites and production shops.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
In accordance with the considered methods
it is necessary to distinguish between the following types
operational production planning:
calendar, volumetric and mixed.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Norms
time
serve
primary
calendar-planned
standard.
Under
the norm
time
are understood
scientifically
reasonable costs of working time,
necessary to carry out work in
certain production conditions.
There are norms of piece and piece calculation time, as well as per batch
details.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Calendar standards and overwhelming
part of the planned operational indicators
regulating the progress of production
must
be developed
on
basis
progressive time standards for individual
technological operations and processes, and
also for final products and total
production processes.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
IN
operational
planning
can
different types of time standards apply: in
single
production
-
piece-calculation time, in serial - time
for processing a batch of parts, in bulk -
piece time.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Batch size of processed products
serves
first
volume-planned
standard. Below the lot of parts on
enterprises
is understood
quantity
identical parts processed at
interconnected
workers
places
With
one-time
cost
preparatory and final time.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Planning batch sizes for launching parts is important and complex
economic task, since with its
the calculation must take into account many
interacting in different directions
factors. For example, increasing the size
batches of parts leads to cost reduction
on
readjustment
equipment,
growth
productivity
labor,
improvement
operational planning. In the same time
storage costs increase
material
stocks,
slows down
turnover
resources,
is decreasing
uniformity of cash flows.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The size of the batch of parts is determined by
So
called
leading
operations.
Received minimum batch value
launching parts are adjusted to the side
increase
With
taking into account
necessity
ensuring the required workload,
volume and time of delivery of products to the market,
production throughput
site and other factors.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The batch size of the parts serves as the main
calendar-scheduled standard in serial
production. Its magnitude predetermines
all other operational and production
And
economic planning
indicators
enterprises, in particular, the frequency or
rhythm
production,
duration
production cycle, delivery times
goods and services to the market, etc.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The production cycle is one of
important calendar and planning standards such as
operational,
So
And
strategic
planning
on-farm
activities of the enterprise. He imagines
is the calendar time interval from
start until the end of production
process
manufacturing
details
or
performance of works and services.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The production cycle includes working
period
execution
procurement,
processing and assembly processes, and
also control, transport and warehouse
operations.
Duration
production
cycle
determined
many
interconnected
organizational and technical,
economic planning,
social, labor and other characteristics
specific enterprise as a complex system
in the market economic mechanism.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Duration
any
complex
production
cycle
is composed
from
individual simple or partial cycles,
including the execution time of workers
processes and regulated breaks.
For example, when processing parts in batches
the production cycle will be equal to the sum
time
individual
operating rooms
And
interoperational cycles.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
In the process of developing operational
production plans, other than those discussed
basic calendar and planning standards,
wide
apply
And
other
organizational indicators that make up
the basis of operational accounting, control and
regulation
deviations
from
planned
normal
progress
production and delivery of products to the market.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The most important
planned
functions
production management are
operational accounting and control of activities
enterprises or firms. They serve important
source of information about the progress of the process
production,
degrees
use
resources, the magnitude of the results obtained and
etc.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Comparison of the most important factual and
planned performance indicators of the enterprise
is a very accurate and objective assessment
achievements
his
current,
tactical
And
strategic goals and objectives.
For
adoption
operational
planning and management
solutions
economists, managers and executives need constant and
reliable
accounting
or
reporting
production and economic information about
progress in the implementation of volumetric plans and
work schedules of the enterprise for the past and
current time periods.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
The main objects of operational accounting
and production control are different
economic planning
indicators:
from
hourly or shift-daily assignments up to
annual production and sales volumes
products and services.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
In single production, first
queue, deadlines are taken into account and controlled
execution of individual orders in advance
developed
cyclic
or
network
plans and schedules.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
IN
serial
production
objects
operational control is the launch timing
and release of a batch of parts, the state of cycle
and warehouse reserves, compliance with standards
advances by processing stages, etc.
In mass production as
objects of current accounting and control can
serve the planned indicators of tact and rhythm
operation of production lines, design standards
interoperational and linear backlogs, as well as
daily and hourly production schedules and
supply of finished products to the market.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
In the process of operational accounting, the main
the meters are usually known
natural,
volumetric
And
temporary
indicators,
covering
processes
production and consumption of products,
standards
consumption
And
use
production resources, defect rates
and other losses.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Operational accounting is closely related to the current
enterprise reporting. Current reporting
V
dependencies
from
appointments
It happens
internal and external. On-farm
reporting is intended for control
work of workshops, departments, sections, teams;
external
-
For
representation
V
government and economic bodies
management,
For example,
V
tax
inspection. In addition to operational accounting, on
enterprises have accounting and
statistical accounting of production.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
computer science
Operational regulation of processes
production and consumption of products is
in market conditions the most important stage
systems
operational
planning,
aimed at complete satisfaction
consumers in manufactured goods and
services. Therefore, not only at the stage of feasibility planning, but also during
operational
regulation
production
it is necessary to continuously take into account the actual
performance
orders
outfits
And
planned shift-daily tasks.
Operational regulation of production at
enterprises
accepted
call
dispatching.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
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Dispatching
is
yourself
constant
operational
control
And
continuous current stroke control
production
With
purpose
provision
timely and complete implementation
plan for the production and sale of products in
compliance
With
available
orders,
contracts and customer requirements.

Faculty of Applied Sciences
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Process
includes:
dispatching
production
studying
market conditions
market
And
forecasting the need for manufactured
enterprise goods and services;
identifying possible fluctuations in demand for
products taking into account seasonal and other
changes;
drawing up operational production plans
and sales of products on the current market;
development of volumetric calendar
execution
operational
divisions of the company;
graphs
plans

Faculty of Applied Sciences
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operational accounting of actual progress
execution
developed
calendar production plans and schedules;
identification
deviations
actual
indicators of the progress of production of goods and
services from planned;
Adoption
operational
solutions
By
prevention and elimination of deviations and
interruptions during production;
analysis
reasons
deviations
from
established task plans and development
measures to eliminate such deviations;

Faculty of Applied Sciences
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coordination
interconnected
enterprises;
current
work
divisions
operational planned management of work
production workshops and functional
services